Capelinhos 1957–1958, Faial, Azores: deposits formed by an emergent surtseyan eruption

Cole, Paul; Guest, J. E.; Duncan, A. M.; Pacheco, José

doi:10.1007/s004450100136

Cited by 127 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Occurrences of large AP2 aggregates within widespread ash fall layers derived from eruption clouds or co-PDC clouds associated with some phreatomagmatic and phreatoplinian eruptions may be clastor matrix-supported (Self, 1983;Giordano, 1998;Wilson, 2001;De Rita et al, 2002). Layers of well-sorted, clast-supported AP2 aggregates with lithic or pumice cores have been interpreted as proximal fall deposits at several volcanoes (e.g., Lorenz, 1974;Bednarz and Schmincke, 1990;Houghton and Smith, 1993;Cole et al, 2001).…”

Section: Visual Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of volcanic ash aggregation

Brown

Bonadonna

Durant

2012

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C

237

298

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. (2012) 'A review of volcanic ash aggregation.', Physics and chemistry of the earth, parts A/B/C., 45-46 . pp. 65-78. Further information on publisher's website:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce. 2011.11.001 Publisher's copyright statement:Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractMost volcanic ash particles with diameters < 63 µm settle from eruption clouds as particle aggregates that cumulatively have larger sizes, lower densities, and higher terminal fall velocities than individual constituent particles. Particle aggregation reduces the atmospheric residence time of fine ash, which results in a proportional increase in fine ash fallout within 10s km to 100s km from the volcano and a reduction in airborne fine ash mass concentrations 1000s km from the volcano. Aggregate characteristics vary with distance from the volcano: proximal aggregates are typically larger (up to cm size) with concentric structures, while distal aggregates are typically smaller (sub-millimetre size). Particles comprising ash aggregates are bound through hydro-bonds (liquid and ice water) and electrostatic forces, and the rate of particle aggregation correlates with cloud liquid water availability. Eruption source parameters (including initial particle size distribution, erupted mass, eruption column height, cloud water content and temperature) and the eruption plume temperature lapse rate, coupled with the environmental parameters, determines the type and spatiotemporal distribution of aggregates. Field studies, lab experiments and modelling investigations have already provided important insights on the process of particle aggregation. However, new integrated observations that combine remote sensing studies of 2 ash clouds with field measurement and sampling, and lab experiments are required to fill current gaps in knowledge surrounding the theory of ash aggregate formation. Abstract word count: 222

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Section: Visual Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of volcanic ash aggregation

Brown

Bonadonna

Durant

2012

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C

237

298

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“…Gradually, steam-driven cupressoid tephra-finger explosions (characterized by wet surges and mass flows) start to disrupt the sea surface with increasing intensity, producing large quantities of hydroclastic and/or pyroclastic material that accumulate around the active vent and slowly bring it to shallower levels (Kokelaar, 1983;Moore, 1985;Kokelaar, 1986). The resulting structure is a tuff cone that will eventually breach the sea surface and form a precursory small pyroclastic island, as it happened at Capelinhos (Azores) and Surtsey (Iceland) (Thorarinsson, 1967;Kokelaar, 1986;Schmidt and Schmincke, 2000;Cole et al, 2001). As the cone builds up, the explosion crater rim rises above the sea surface further limiting the influx of water able to flow over or percolate through the cone to the explosion centre where it is converted to steam (Moore, 1985).…”

Section: Emergent Island Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal evolution on volcanic oceanic islands: A complex interplay between volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sea-level change and biogenic production

Ramalho¹,

Quartau

Trenhaile

et al. 2013

Earth-Science Reviews

160

147

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The growth and decay of oceanic hotspot volcanoes are intrinsically related to a competition between volcanic construction and erosive destruction, and coastlines are at the forefront of such confrontation. In this paper, we review the several mechanisms that interact and contribute to the development of coastlines on oceanic island volcanoes, and how these processes evolve throughout the islands' lifetime. Volcanic constructional processes dominate during the emergent island and subaerial shield-building stages. During the emergent island stage, surtseyan activity prevails and hydroclastic and pyroclastic structures form; these structures are generally ephemeral because they can be rapidly obliterated by marine erosion. With the onset of the subaerial shield-building stage, coastal evolution is essentially characterized by rapid but intermittent lateral growth through the formation of lava deltas, largely expanding the coastlines until they, typically, reach their maximum extension. With the post-shield quiescence in volcanic activity, destructive processes gradually take over and coastlines retreat, adopting a more prominent profile; mass wasting and marine and fluvial erosion reshape the landscape and, if conditions are favorable, biogenic processes assume a prominent role. Posterosional volcanic activity may temporarily reverse the balance by renewing coastline expansion, but islands inexorably enter in a long battle for survival above sea level. Reef growth and/or uplift may also prolong the island's lifetime above the waves. The ultimate fate of most islands, however, is to be drowned through subsidence and/or truncation by marine erosion.Keywords complex, interplay, between, volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sea, level, islands, change, coastal, biogenic, production, oceanic, evolution, volcanic, GeoQuest Disciplines Medicine and Health Sciences | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication DetailsRamalho, R. S., Quartau, R., Trenhaile, A. S., Mitchell, N. C., Woodroffe, C. D. & Avila, S. P. (2013). Coastal evolution on volcanic oceanic islands: a complex interplay between volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sealevel change and biogenic production. Earth-Science Reviews, 127 140-170. AbstractThe growth and decay of oceanic hotspot volcanoes are intrinsically related to a competition between volcanic construction and erosive destruction, and coastlines are at the forefront of such confrontation. In this paper, we review the several mechanisms that interact and contribute to the development of coastlines on oceanic island volcanoes, and how these processes evolve throughout the islands' lifetime. Volcanic constructional processes dominate during the emergent island and subaerial shield-building stages. During the emergent island stage, surtseyan activity prevails and hydroclastic and pyroclastic structures form; these structures are generally ephemeral because they can be rapidly obliterated by marine erosion. With the onset of the subaerial shield-building stage, coastal evolution is essentially ch...

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“…Their presence corresponds to Strombolian activity and normally taken as an indication that the vent dried out at a late stage in the eruption, with the construction of a small scoria cone probably within the tuff cone crater (cf. Sohn 1996;Cole et al 2001;Solgevik et al 2007). At that stage, the explosions were less violent and they were driven by the escape of juvenile volatiles contained in the magma.…”

Section: Style Of Eruption At Harrow Peaksmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It is the most distinctive feature of the tephra outcrop and contrasts with both subaerial and subaqueous tuff cones, which are characteristically well stratified (e.g. Sohn 1996;White 1996;Cole et al 2001;Smellie 2001;Schopka et al 2006;Solgevik et al 2007;Brand and Clarke 2009;Sohn et al 2012;Russell et al 2013; Table 4). Poorly sorted massive deposits in pyroclastic cones occur in beds deposited from granular fluidbased currents (Branney and Kokelaar 2002).…”

Section: Style Of Eruption At Harrow Peaksmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tuff cone erupted under frozen-bed ice (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica): linking glaciovolcanic and cosmogenic nuclide data for ice sheet reconstructions

et al. 2017

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The remains of a small volcanic centre are preserved on a thin bedrock ridge at Harrow Peaks, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. The outcrop is interpreted as a monogenetic tuff cone relict formed by a hydrovolcanic (phreatomagmatic) eruption of mafic magma at 642 ± 20 ka (by 40 Ar-39 Ar), corresponding to the peak of the Marine Isotope Stage 16 (MIS16) glacial. Although extensively dissected and strewn with glacial erratics, the outcrop shows no evidence for erosion by ice. From interpretation of the lithofacies and eruptive mechanisms, the weight of the evidence suggests that eruptions took place under a cold-based (frozen-bed) ice sheet. This is the first time that a tuff cone erupted under cold ice has been described. The most distinctive feature of the lithofacies is the dominance of massive lapilli tuff rich in fine ash matrix and abraded lapilli. The lack of stratification is probably due to repeated eruption through a conduit blasted through the ice covering the vent. The ice thickness is uncertain but it might have been as little as 100 m and the preserved tephra accumulated mainly as a crater (or ice conduit) infill. The remainder of the tuff cone edifice was probably deposited supraglacially and underwent destruction by ice advection and, particularly, collapse during a younger interglacial. Dating using 10 Be cosmogenic exposure of granitoid basement erratics indicates that the erratics are unrelated to the eruptive period. The 10 Be ages suggest that the volcanic outcrop was most recently exposed by ice decay at c. 20.8 ± 0.8 ka (MIS2) and the associated ice was thicker than at 642 ka and probably polythermal rather than cold-based, which is normally assumed for the period.

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Capelinhos 1957–1958, Faial, Azores: deposits formed by an emergent surtseyan eruption

Cited by 127 publications

References 26 publications

A review of volcanic ash aggregation

A review of volcanic ash aggregation

Coastal evolution on volcanic oceanic islands: A complex interplay between volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sea-level change and biogenic production

A tuff cone erupted under frozen-bed ice (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica): linking glaciovolcanic and cosmogenic nuclide data for ice sheet reconstructions

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