“…Further, immigrant students may experience discrimination due to their minoritized cultural identities, leading to less engagement in school with their peers (Göbel & Preusche, 2019). In tandem, students from working-class families may face unique discrimination and barriers due to their socioeconomic status (Gibbons et al, 2016; Purgason et al, 2020). Combined, immigrant youth of color from working-class families may be exposed to more systemic barriers that make them vulnerable to alienation from the school system based on their cultural, racial, and socioeconomic backgrounds.…”