“…Prior research suggests that there is content to coolness beyond mere likability and desirability. Youthfulness (Martino, 2000), sexual appetite (Strodtbeck, Short, & Kolegar, 1962), risk taking (Martin & Leary, 2001), toughness (Aloise-Young & Hennigan, 1996;Denborough, 1996;Rodkin, Farmer, Pearl, & Van Acker, 2000), masculinity (Czopp, Lasane, Sweigard, Bradshaw, & Hammer, 1998;Denborough, 1996;Martino, 2000), muted emotion (Beckerleg, 2004;Erber, Wegner, & Therriault, 1996), rebelliousness (Eggertsen, 1965), and rejection of effortful striving (Czopp et al, 1998;Osborne, 1999;Williams, Burden, & Lanvers, 2002) are all presumed to be cool in contemporary Western cultures. The valuation of coolness has also been linked to bullying, gang membership, and interpersonal violence (Denborough, 1996;Houndoumadi & Deree, 2001;Strodtbeck et al, 1962), as well as to smoking and drug use (Griffin, Epstein, & Botvin, 2001;Martin, & Leary, 2001;Plumridge, Fitzgerald, & Abel, 2002).…”