Abstract:Lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, and goatpox are notifiable diseases of cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively, caused by viruses of the Capripoxvirus genus. They are responsible for both direct and indirect financial losses. These losses arise through animal mortality, morbidity cost of vaccinations, and constraints to animals and animal products’ trade. Control and eradication of capripoxviruses depend on early detection of outbreaks, vector control, strict animal movement, and vaccination which remains the mos… Show more
“…A large proportion (approximately 50%) of vaccinated animals do not develop antibody responses, yet they are protected against LSD [16]. The interplay between humoral and T cell responses is not fully understood for LSDV, but both arms of the immune response are recognized as being important [27,73,74]. A balanced CD4 + and CD8 + T cell response specific to LSDV was elicited against a dual vaccine against LSDV and Rift Valley fever virus [75].…”
The modest protective effects of the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial have prompted the further exploration of improved poxvirus vector systems that can yield better immune responses and protection. In this study, a recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) expressing HIV-1 CAP256.SU gp150 (Env) and a subtype C mosaic Gag was constructed (LSDVGC5) and compared to the equivalent recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVAGC5). In vitro characterization confirmed that cells infected with recombinant LSDV produced Gag virus-like particles containing Env, and that Env expressed on the surface of the cells infected with LSDV was in a native-like conformation. This candidate HIV-1 vaccine (L) was tested in a rabbit model using different heterologous vaccination regimens, in combination with DNA (D) and MVA (M) vectors expressing the equivalent HIV-1 antigens. The four different vaccination regimens (DDMMLL, DDMLML, DDLMLM, and DDLLMM) all elicited high titers of binding and Tier 1A neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and some regimens induced Tier 1B NAbs. Furthermore, two rabbits in the DDLMLM group developed low levels of autologous Tier 2 NAbs. The humoral immune responses elicited against HIV-1 Env by the recombinant LSDVGC5 were comparable to those induced by MVAGC5.
“…A large proportion (approximately 50%) of vaccinated animals do not develop antibody responses, yet they are protected against LSD [16]. The interplay between humoral and T cell responses is not fully understood for LSDV, but both arms of the immune response are recognized as being important [27,73,74]. A balanced CD4 + and CD8 + T cell response specific to LSDV was elicited against a dual vaccine against LSDV and Rift Valley fever virus [75].…”
The modest protective effects of the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial have prompted the further exploration of improved poxvirus vector systems that can yield better immune responses and protection. In this study, a recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) expressing HIV-1 CAP256.SU gp150 (Env) and a subtype C mosaic Gag was constructed (LSDVGC5) and compared to the equivalent recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVAGC5). In vitro characterization confirmed that cells infected with recombinant LSDV produced Gag virus-like particles containing Env, and that Env expressed on the surface of the cells infected with LSDV was in a native-like conformation. This candidate HIV-1 vaccine (L) was tested in a rabbit model using different heterologous vaccination regimens, in combination with DNA (D) and MVA (M) vectors expressing the equivalent HIV-1 antigens. The four different vaccination regimens (DDMMLL, DDMLML, DDLMLM, and DDLLMM) all elicited high titers of binding and Tier 1A neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and some regimens induced Tier 1B NAbs. Furthermore, two rabbits in the DDLMLM group developed low levels of autologous Tier 2 NAbs. The humoral immune responses elicited against HIV-1 Env by the recombinant LSDVGC5 were comparable to those induced by MVAGC5.
“…However, LSDV has significantly increased in Asia, including Russia, China, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh and Vietnam (Fig. 1 B) (FAO 2017a ; Hamdi et al 2021 ), and frequent outbreaks of LSD in Greece were reported in the past, with occasional outbreaks of LSD in Bulgaria due to outbreaks that occurred in Turkey (OIE 2008 ). Fig.…”
Section: Literature Reviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…B Lumpy skin disease geographic distribution. Source: (Hamdi et al 2021 ). The red color indicates the presence of CaPV …”
Section: Literature Reviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The disease also limits international trade and causes other economic losses (Tuppurainen and Oura 2012 ; Hopker et al 2019 ). Hence, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has classified CaPV as a notifiable disease because of their rapid transboundary nature and extensive economic impact on the livestock industry (Tuppurainen and Oura 2012 ; Zeng et al 2014 ; Hamdi et al 2021 ). Similarly, these economically devastating viral diseases affect sheep and goats.…”
Sheep pox, goat pox, and lumpy skin diseases are economically significant and contagious viral diseases of sheep, goats and cattle, respectively, caused by the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) of the family Poxviridae. Currently, CaPV infection of small ruminants (sheep and goats) has been distributed widely and are prevalent in Central Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Asia. This disease poses challenges to food production and distribution, affecting rural livelihoods in most African countries, including Ethiopia. Transmission occurs mainly by direct or indirect contact with infected animals. They cause high morbidity (75-100% in endemic areas) and mortality (10-85%). Additionally, the mortality rate can approach 100% in susceptible animals. Diagnosis largely relies on clinical symptoms, confirmed by laboratory testing using real-time PCR, electron microscopy, virus isolation, serology and histology. Control and eradication of sheep pox virus (SPPV), goat pox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease (LSDV) depend on timely recognition of disease eruption, vector control, and movement restriction. To date, attenuated vaccines originating from KSGPV O-180 strains are effective and widely used in Ethiopia to control CaPV throughout the country. This vaccine strain is clinically safe to control CaPV in small ruminants but not in cattle which may be associated with insufficient vaccination coverage and the production of low-quality vaccines.
“…Lumpy skin disease (LSD) and bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) are two cattle diseases of economic importance with low mortality but high morbidity rates [1][2][3]. LSD is classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE); it is characterized by fever, clinical lesions which affect animal hides, reduced milk yields and abortion in pregnant ewes [2,4]. It was initially confined to Africa, but spread to Egypt in 1988, Israel in 1989, followed by the Middle East in the 1990s [5].…”
Dual vaccines (n = 6) against both lumpy skin disease (LSD) and bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) were constructed, based on the BEFV glycoprotein (G) gene, with or without the BEFV matrix (M) protein gene, inserted into one of two different LSDV backbones, nLSDV∆SOD-UCT or nLSDVSODis-UCT. The inserted gene cassettes were confirmed by PCR; and BEFV protein was shown to be expressed by immunofluorescence. The candidate dual vaccines were initially tested in a rabbit model; neutralization assays using the South African BEFV vaccine (B-Phemeral) strain showed an African consensus G protein gene (Gb) to give superior neutralization compared to the Australian (Ga) gene. The two LSDV backbones expressing both Gb and M BEFV genes were tested in cattle and shown to elicit neutralizing responses to LSDV as well as BEFV after two inoculations 4 weeks apart. The vaccines were safe in cattle and all vaccinated animals were protected against virulent LSDV challenge, unlike a group of control naïve animals, which developed clinical LSD. Both neutralizing and T cell responses to LSDV were stimulated upon challenge. After two inoculations, all vaccinated animals produced BEFV neutralizing antibodies ≥ 1/20, which is considered protective for BEF.
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