Captive Environmental Influences on Behavior in Zoo Drills and Mandrills (Mandrillus), a Threatened Genus of Primate

Terdal, Erik

doi:10.15760/etd.3009

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…The environment in which drills are habituated can greatly affect their activity budget; food is provided two times a day only, protein is also added as a supplement to their diet. In a related study of drill in a semi-free area showed drill spend 50% of it time foraging (Terdal, 1996). Adult females foraged more than male adult, this agrees with Feistner (1988).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Activity budget of captive Drill monkeys Mandrillus leucophaeus (Cuvier) in Limbe Wildlife Center, Southwest Region, Cameroon

Maurice¹,

Fuashi²,

Lengha³

et al. 2019

Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.

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Drill monkeys (Mandrillus leucophaeus) are known to be the most endangered species of primates in Africa. Hunting and habitat loss are believed to be the major causes of the species decline in Cameroon. It is for this reason that the study explored the behaviour of captive drills in Limbe Wildlife Centre (LWC) in line with reintroduction plan. Data collection started in May 15 th 2016 and ended in August 15 th 2016. Scan and focal samples were collected in mixed strategy, continuous sampling started from 6:00 am and ended at 6:30 pm, where the following behavioural categories were recorded: Feeding, foraging, movement, resting, socialization, grooming, play, aggression and vocalization. Simultaneously, data were recorded on weather changes. Data analysis comprised of descriptive and inferential statistics. The time budget was recorded as follows; 52.54% resting, 23.70% foraging, 10.0% feeding, 9.30% moving, 2.02% grooming,2.0% play, 0.40% aggression and 0.20% vocalization. There exist a significant difference between behaviours and age/sex classes, (P<0.05). Adult males spent more time resting than any age-sex class (X 2 =277.4, df=1, P<0.05). Female adults spent most of their time foraging than any category (X 2 =93.4, df=1, P<0.05). Female adults also dominated in grooming than any age/sex class (X 2 =118.5, df=1, P<0.05). Male adults executed more aggressive behaviour than any other category (X 2 =28.7, df=1, P<0.05), There is a significant difference for resting between adult males and juveniles (X 2 =273.2 df=1 P<0.05), there is a significant difference for resting between female adults and juveniles (X 2 =27.58 df=1 P<0.05). Also, there is a significant difference for resting female and male adults (X 2 =261.469 df=1 P<0.05). The survey revealed a smooth interaction between the adult males, adult females, sub-adult males and sub-adult females, and the juveniles.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Activity budget of captive Drill monkeys Mandrillus leucophaeus (Cuvier) in Limbe Wildlife Center, Southwest Region, Cameroon

Maurice¹,

Fuashi²,

Lengha³

et al. 2019

Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.

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“… Species-specific information used as a base for the current ethogram can be found in: (Bush dog—[ 22 , 23 ]; Chimpanzee—[ 24 ]; Coati—[ 25 ]; Common eland, Fallow deer, Marsh deer, and Red deer—[ 26 ]; Gorilla—[ 27 ]; Grison—[ 28 ]; Howler monkey—[ 29 ]; Lion, Ocelot, Puma, and Tiger—[ 30 ]; Mandrill—[ 31 ]; Maned wolf—[ 32 ]; Titi monkey—[ 33 ]). …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Different Physical and Behavioural Characteristics of Zoo Mammals That Influence Their Response to Visitors

Queiroz

Young

2018

Animals

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Simple SummaryStudies of the zoo visitor effect (changes in animal behaviour in response to the presence of the public) have had varying results: most studies have found that visitors have a negative animal welfare impact, but some studies have found no effect, or even, a positive effect on animal welfare. The problem is that most studies only consider one species at a time and meta-analyses suffer from the great variation in animal husbandry, enclosures and the public’s behaviour. Therefore, we examined 17 different mammal species responses to zoo visitors over the period of one year. The species were chosen to show a variation in physical characteristics (e.g., body weight) and habits (e.g., diurnal or nocturnal); this allows us to determine which characteristics are important in determining the variation of the response of mammals to zoo visitors. The results showed no effect of body weight, but activity cycle was very important, with diurnal animals being more affected. These results allow us to predict which mammal species will be most negatively affected by zoo visitor presence.AbstractThe factors underlying the ‘zoo visit effect’ (changes in animal behaviour/physiology in response to visitor presence) are still poorly understood, despite it being widely investigated. The present study examined the effect of zoo visitors on the behaviour of 17 different species of mammals at the Belo Horizonte Zoo, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The behaviour of the animals was recorded using scan (focal in one case) sampling with instantaneous recording of behaviour, during 12 continuous months. Data were analysed using a comparative method examining five different factors: diet, body weight, stratum occupied, activity cycle, and habitat, as well as three different visitor categories: small and quiet audience, medium size audience and medium noise, and large size and loud audience. Significant changes in the behaviour for each factor, especially increases in locomotor and resting behaviour, were observed in response to different visitor categories. The factors that most explained responses to visitor categories were habitat and activity cycle. Species from closed habitats compared to open habitats were significantly more impacted (more behaviour affected), probably, because they are, evolutionarily, less accustomed to visual contact with people. Diurnal species showed more behavioural changes than nocturnal ones, possibly, because they were being observed during their normal activity cycle. These results may help zoos identify which mammal species are most susceptible to the zoo visitor effect, and consequently, be more pro-active in the use of mitigating strategies.

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“…Analysis of reproductive cycles can contribute to our understanding of underlying reproductive events that may assist successful reproduction. Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) have been kept in captivity for almost four centuries [Terdal, 1996], but to date, published studies on female reproductive events in mandrills have been limited to observations of menses and sexual swelling morphology to determine reproductive cycles and estimate gestation length [Bettinger et al, 1995;Feistner et al, 1992]. Exaggerated sexual swellings occur in several genera of Old World monkeys including, Macaca, Cercocebus, Papio and Mandrillus [Nunn, 1999].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary steroid hormone analysis of ovarian cycles and pregnancy in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) indicate that menses, copulatory behavior, sexual swellings and reproductive condition are associated with changing estrone conjugates (E₁C) and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG)

Phillips¹,

Wheaton²

2008

Zoo Biology

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The objective of this study was to determine if sexual swellings in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) are a reflection of reproductive endocrine state. Urine samples were assayed using an enzyme immunoassay measuring pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) and estrone conjugates (E(1)C). Hormone patterns of ovarian cycles, pregnancy and lactation were characterized and compared with sexual swellings and copulations relative to menses and peak E(1)C. Cycle lengths averaging 28.7 days and pregnancy length of 181 days determined by hormonal and sexual swelling measures were similar to those reported in other Old World primate species. First day of copulation was observed during rising E(1)C concentrations and preceded observations of peak swelling by 1-2 days. Observations of peak sexual swellings occurred at or on the day after peak E(1)C and decreased following the ovulatory increase in PdG. Observations of menses and sexual swellings are a useful method to track mandrill ovarian cycles and can assist zoos in determining the reproductive state of females in their collections. Zoo Biol 27:320-330, 2008. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Captive Environmental Influences on Behavior in Zoo Drills and Mandrills (Mandrillus), a Threatened Genus of Primate

Cited by 5 publications

References 104 publications

Activity budget of captive Drill monkeys Mandrillus leucophaeus (Cuvier) in Limbe Wildlife Center, Southwest Region, Cameroon

Activity budget of captive Drill monkeys Mandrillus leucophaeus (Cuvier) in Limbe Wildlife Center, Southwest Region, Cameroon

The Different Physical and Behavioural Characteristics of Zoo Mammals That Influence Their Response to Visitors

Urinary steroid hormone analysis of ovarian cycles and pregnancy in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) indicate that menses, copulatory behavior, sexual swellings and reproductive condition are associated with changing estrone conjugates (E₁C) and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG)

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Captive Environmental Influences on Behavior in Zoo Drills and Mandrills (Mandrillus), a Threatened Genus of Primate

Cited by 5 publications

References 104 publications

Activity budget of captive Drill monkeys Mandrillus leucophaeus (Cuvier) in Limbe Wildlife Center, Southwest Region, Cameroon

Activity budget of captive Drill monkeys Mandrillus leucophaeus (Cuvier) in Limbe Wildlife Center, Southwest Region, Cameroon

The Different Physical and Behavioural Characteristics of Zoo Mammals That Influence Their Response to Visitors

Urinary steroid hormone analysis of ovarian cycles and pregnancy in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) indicate that menses, copulatory behavior, sexual swellings and reproductive condition are associated with changing estrone conjugates (E1C) and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG)

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Urinary steroid hormone analysis of ovarian cycles and pregnancy in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) indicate that menses, copulatory behavior, sexual swellings and reproductive condition are associated with changing estrone conjugates (E₁C) and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG)