Car Engines Air Filters. A Useful Ambient Air Sampler and/or a Possible Hazardous Waste?

Katsoyiannis, Athanasios

doi:10.4209/aaqr.2013.09.0290

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Several studies (Khalili et al, 1995;Marr et al, 1999) have identified these vehicles as major sources of PAH emissions in the environment. These aromatic compounds' formation mechanisms in the mobile sources are either through pyrosynthesis or survival mechanism and the emissions depends on several factors including the engine type, fuel composition, load and age, mileage, PAH content in lubricant oil, lubricant oil combustion, driving mode and emission control devices such as air filters (Ravindra et al, 2008;Katsoyiannis, 2014). These factors are addressed in more detail in the subsequent sections.…”

Section: Pah Emissions From Mobile Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Cheruiyot

Lee

Mwangi

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

136

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a class of semi-volatile organic carbons that are emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources therefore are ubiquitous in nature. Their main sources are both fossil and biomass fuels as well as other feedstocks used in chemical and combustion processes. Mostly the combustion processes are PAH depletion processes rather than PAH generating processes. PAHs are emitted from both stationary and mobile sources at varying levels depending on the operation conditions such as fuels, feedstock, and control devices in use as well as process parameters for example combustion temperatures.After emission from sources, the fates of PAHs in the atmosphere include partitioning between gas and particulate phases, particle size distribution, long range transport, dry and wet deposition on to water bodies, soil, vegetation and other receptor surfaces as well as resuspension from receptor surfaces back to the atmosphere. These processes are controlled by their physiochemical properties. Additionally, it is through these processes that human beings are exposed to PAHs via inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact.Dry deposition is the major process through which PAHs from the atmosphere are made available to receptor surfaces including the human respiratory system. From studies with cumulative fractions of dry deposition and size distribution for particulate PAHs, it is evident that the coarse particles are majorly responsible for the highest fraction of deposition fluxes. This is especially true for the high molecular weight PAHs, since the low molecular weight PAHs are majorly in the gas phase, which have lower dry deposition velocities. On the other hand, the highest risk for human being comes in the form of fine particles, whose mean aerodynamic diameter is below 2.5 µm. This is because the particle bound content results and particle size distributions of PAHs indicate that the fine particles have the most PAH content owing to their large surface areas and high organic carbon content. For the wet deposition of PAHs, more research is recommended for measurement of scavenging ratios of individual PAHs, since there is a scarcity of studies focusing on this issue.PAH mutagenic activity and exposure risk of humans can be estimated using the deposition rates, toxicity levels based on benzo(a)pyrene, or biomarkers such as urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. Other parameters that have been used to evaluate the risks of various exposure groups include inhalation exposure levels (IEL), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and estimation of maximum consumption time (t max ). Highway toll workers, back carbon workers and food vendors in night markets are among susceptible groups identified using these biomarkers and exposure parameters.To reduce exposure to human beings, PAH emissions need to be controlled at the sources. Control and reduction of PAH emissions from various sources involves largely altering the fuel and feedstock characteristics, using air pollution control devices and/or adjustin...

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Section: Pah Emissions From Mobile Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Cheruiyot

Lee

Mwangi

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

136

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“…Zhang et al [12] and Katsoyiannis et al [13] suggested that car air filters (CAFs) from taxis could act as “moving” high volume air samplers to provide city-integrated air concentrations with low variability for particle-bound contaminants. CAFs, which are necessary components of automobiles, are usually composed of polyurethane and other fiber-like materials, most frequently cotton, foam, or paper.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Airborne Particles Collected from Car Engine Air Filters Using SEM and EDX Techniques

Rivera

Rodriguez

2016

IJERPH

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Particulate matter accumulated on car engine air-filters (CAFs) was examined in order to investigate the potential use of these devices as efficient samplers for collecting street level air that people are exposed to. The morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of a variety of particles were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The particulate matter accumulated by the CAFs was studied in two categories; the first was of removed particles by friction, and the second consisted of particles retained on the filters. Larger particles with a diameter of 74–10 µm were observed in the first category. In the second one, the detected particles had a diameter between 16 and 0.7 µm. These particles exhibited different morphologies and composition, indicating mostly a soil origin. The elemental composition revealed the presence of three groups: mineral (clay and asphalt), metallic (mainly Fe), and biological particles (vegetal and animal debris). The palynological analysis showed the presence of pollen grains associated with urban plants. These results suggest that CAFs capture a mixture of atmospheric particles, which can be analyzed in order to monitor urban air. Thus, the continuous availability of large numbers of filters and the retroactivity associated to the car routes suggest that these CAFs are very useful for studying the high traffic zones within a city.

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“…Since many years ago, vehicular emissions have been identified as one of the main PAH sources to the environment (Khalili et al 1995;Marr et al 1999). Formation mechanisms of PAHs in mobile sources are through pyrosynthesis and emissions depend on some factors such as type of engine, composition of fuel, mileage, PAH content in lubricant oils, lubricant oil combustion, ways of driving, and control devices of emissions like air filters (Katsoyiannis 2014;Ravindra et al 2008).…”

Section: Pah Diagnostic Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human health risk associated to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels and their relation with preponderant sources in Gran La Plata, Argentina

Giuliani

Lerner

Porta

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Levels of suspended particulate matter (PM) of both fractions PM 10 and PM 2.5 in ambient air were monitored in three areas of Gran La Plata: industrial, urban, and residential (2017-2019). Associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) to PM were also determined and possible emission sources were identified. Assessment of health risk to PM exposure and associated compounds was realized. Results showed a decrease in levels of PM 10 in each area along the period studied, especially in the industrial area. Decreases in PM 2.5 levels were also observed in urban and residential areas over the years, although the trend is not as marked as with PM 10 levels. Then, PM 2.5 levels in the industrial area have remained practically constant. The 89% of both PM 10 and PM 2.5 annual mean exceeds the WHO reference values. The presence of most of the 16 US EPA priority PAHs studied was found with a detection frequency greater than 60% and it was possible to identify the importance of the contributions of vehicular emissions as predominant sources of PAH emission. From the calculations of the risk of contracting cancer throughout life (LCR), in the case of adults, the US EPA limits were not complied in the industrial and urban areas and in both fractions of PM. From the evaluation of the burden of disease (EBD), the calculated relative risks of mortality were very similar for the studied districts, being the relative risk in La Plata slightly lower, about 3-5%, than those in Berisso and Ensenada.Keywords PM . PAHs . Vehicular emissions . Lifetime cancer risk . Environmental burden of disease .

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Car Engines Air Filters. A Useful Ambient Air Sampler and/or a Possible Hazardous Waste?

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Characterization of Airborne Particles Collected from Car Engine Air Filters Using SEM and EDX Techniques

Human health risk associated to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels and their relation with preponderant sources in Gran La Plata, Argentina

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