Car park designers' handbook

Hill, J. O.

doi:10.1680/cpdh.34389

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The space optimization is mainly due to the compact structure of the automated parking lot and the absence of circulation lanes. Depending on the conventional parking lot layout, the benefits of high-density parking lots could even be considerably higher as 22 m 2 per parking space is considered good static efficiency of a car park with 100 parking spaces at 90 • [36]. Note also that adding a second buffer area would still allow to hold almost twice the number of vehicles in a given parking area but would improve the flexibility of the system operation and decrease the number of conflicting trajectories in the buffer area.…”

Section: Results (Static Parameters)mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Density Parking for Automated Vehicles: A Complete Evaluation of Coordination Mechanisms

2020

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Three main changes are currently taking place in the context of the automotive industry: electrification of vehicle propulsion, automated driving and a shift towards mobility as a service. While the first two represent opportunities for the industry growth, the later questions the private ownership of a car. Keeping the concept of a privately owned car will involve reducing the economical and environmental cost of such ownership. In this paper, we address the reduction of the parking footprint of cars, leveraging on electrification and low-level driving automation to more than double the density of cars parked in a given area, compared to conventional parking lots. We perform a complete evaluation of different strategies of vehicle coordination based on large-scale datasets of parking sessions in distinct scenarios and under varying demand patterns. Our results on the key metrics, namely area per vehicle, travel distance while parked, and removal time-clearly highlight the relevance and efficiency of this novel approach to parking. We also empirically derive guidelines for designing high-density parking systems (e.g. parking lot layout or capacity) and show the involved trade-offs. INDEX TERMS Autonomous vehicles, high-density parking, parking, path planning, vehicular networks.

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Section: Results (Static Parameters)mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Density Parking for Automated Vehicles: A Complete Evaluation of Coordination Mechanisms

2020

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“…It is a large area divided into compartmental areas for fire prevention, in which the designer has sought the best and most efficient general arrangement of parking spaces and lanes according to the size of each section. The driveways and surface public roads have been designed to ensure maximum efficiency, and the directions of the pedestrian paths have been designed to ensure access to the shopping areas in the shortest possible time [16].…”

Section: Acoustical Signal Recordingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sound Event Detection in Underground Parking Garage Using Convolutional Neural Network

Ciaburro

2020

BDCC

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Parking is a crucial element in urban mobility management. The availability of parking areas makes it easier to use a service, determining its success. Proper parking management allows economic operators located nearby to increase their business revenue. Underground parking areas during off-peak hours are uncrowded places, where user safety is guaranteed by company overseers. Due to the large size, ensuring adequate surveillance would require many operators to increase the costs of parking fees. To reduce costs, video surveillance systems are used, in which an operator monitors many areas. However, some activities are beyond the control of this technology. In this work, a procedure to identify sound events in an underground garage is developed. The aim of the work is to detect sounds identifying dangerous situations and to activate an automatic alert that draws the attention of surveillance in that area. To do this, the sounds of a parking sector were detected with the use of sound sensors. These sounds were analyzed by a sound detector based on convolutional neural networks. The procedure returned high accuracy in identifying a car crash in an underground parking area.

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“…Hill [10] suggests that a 'good' parking efficiency ranges from 20 m 2 /space for 300 parking spaces at 90°up to 35 m 2 /space for 30 spaces at 45°while Butcher et al [11] cited parking areas per vehicle in the range of 18.5-26.8 m 2 . A survey of open top floors of 41 New Zealand multi-storey car parking buildings using Google Earth found typical static efficiencies are 28.9 ± 5.1 m 2 /space.…”

Section: Static Efficiency Of Car Parksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the set of recommendations, the static efficiency of a parking area could be as low as 16 m 2 /space for a LOS D category while it could be as high as 40 m 2 /space for a LOS A category. Chrest et al note that efficiencies as low as 16 m 2 /space are car park designs for 100% 'small' cars.Hill [10] suggests that a 'good' parking efficiency ranges from 20 m 2 /space for 300 parking spaces at 90°up to 35 m 2 /space for 30 spaces at 45°while Butcher et al [11] cited parking areas per vehicle in the range of 18.5-26.8 m 2 . A survey of open top floors of 41 New Zealand multi-storey car parking buildings using Google Earth found typical static efficiencies are 28.9 ± 5.1 m 2 /space.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fire load energy densities for risk-based design of car parking buildings

Spearpoint

Tohir

Abu

et al. 2015

Case Studies in Fire Safety

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a b s t r a c tThe time-equivalence method is one way to determine the appropriate fire severity in buildings. One of the input parameters required is the fire load energy density (FLED) and in a deterministic design this is taken to be a fixed value. This paper illustrates the use of a simple Monte Carlo tool that accounts for statistical variations in car energy content as a function of vehicle size to determine probabilistic FLED values for a risk-based calculation approach to the design of car parking buildings. The paper briefly discusses FLED values for car parking buildings that can be found in the literature and results from the Monte Carlo tool suggest that 260 MJ/m 2 could be used as an appropriate design value in lieu of using a probabilistic approach. Introduction BackgroundCurrently there is debate in New Zealand regarding the design of steel structure car parks and the use of the time-equivalence calculations to determine appropriate severity for these buildings. Equations for calculating time-equivalence can be found in the New Zealand verification method C/VM2 [1]. These are based on equations from the Eurocode [2], but with an expanded set of factors to allow for adequate consideration of the contributions of different room lining materials [3].In order to calculate fire severity using a time-equivalence method one of the parameters needed is the fire load energy density (FLED) which is the sum of all the energy available for release when the combustible materials are burned, divided by the total floor area of the compartment. The available energy content can be distinguished into permanent, variable, protected and unprotected loads [4]. Typically an 80th percentile variable fire load is used as a design value when using data from fire load surveys [4,5]. For a car parking building the variable load is essentially the vehicles and the calculation of FLED incorporates any floor areas used for vehicle lanes and ramps, pedestrian walkways, etc.Typically time-equivalence calculations are carried out deterministically with fixed values assigned for FLED, compartment geometry, ventilation conditions, lining materials and the structural material being used for the design. The process considers that the compartment is uniformly heated throughout the fire exposure and for a car park fire scenario this effectively assumes the building is densely populated with vehicles and that they are on fire simultaneously. However in a densely populated car park it is possible that the fire will travel from vehicle to vehicle rather than assuming all are burning http://dx.simultaneously. Recent work on travelling fires by has introduced a new methodology using travelling fires to produce more realistic fire scenarios in large, open-plan compartments for structural fire design. SternGottfried et al. examined the impact of FLED on their estimation of the peak structural member temperature. Their results show that local concentrations of dense fuel loads produce long-duration fires and have a significant effect on struct...

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Car park designers' handbook

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

High-Density Parking for Automated Vehicles: A Complete Evaluation of Coordination Mechanisms

High-Density Parking for Automated Vehicles: A Complete Evaluation of Coordination Mechanisms

Sound Event Detection in Underground Parking Garage Using Convolutional Neural Network

Fire load energy densities for risk-based design of car parking buildings

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