Características étnico-raciales y desigualdad de oportunidades económicas en México

Abstract

El presente trabajo examina la asociación entre las características étnico-raciales y los resultados económicos en México. A partir de datos del Módulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional 2016, levantado por el INEGI (2017) como parte de la Encuesta Nacional de los Hogares, nuestros hallazgos indican que todas las características étnico-raciales estudiadas (autoadscripción, lengua indígena y tono de piel) se asocian de manera estadísticamente significativa con los destinos económicos de las personas, siendo la dimensión lingüística aquella que sobresale por tener los efectos de mayor magnitud. La autoadscripción étnico-racial, y en particular la adscripción mestiza o blanca, en contraste con la indígena, tiene un efecto menor que el observado para la dimensión lingüística, pero mayor con respecto al tono de piel. Encontramos que estas asociaciones son estadísticamente significativas incluso controlando por los orígenes socioeconómicos, lo que sugiere que las inequidades económicas son explicadas tanto por una acumulación histórica de desventajas como por la persistencia de prácticas de racismo y discriminación en el presente.

‘[The pediatrician] said that maybe my milk, instead of doing good, no longer helped’: the ecology of infant formula in rural communities in Central Mexico

“…The percentage of the population in Mexico that self-identifies as indigenous is 21·5 (8) . Almost 70 % of the indigenous population live in poverty, 43 % have not completed primary education and 55·2 % work in low-skilled manual jobs (9,10) .…”

Black and Indigenous Inequality in Mexico: Implications for Multiracialism and Intersectionality Research

“…Instead, stratification research has focused on mixed-raced individuals and their position vis-à-vis other ethnoracial categories, with positions varying by national case (see, for example, Telles and PERLA 2014). In Mexico, research has revealed that mestizos have the highest levels of education, even compared to whites (Martínez Casas et al 2014; Solís, Güémez, and Holm 2019).…”

“…Recent studies of the intersection of race/ethnicity/phenotype and gender in Mexico suggest that intersectionality is an important lens for understanding inequality. Compared to indigenous men and non-indigenous women, indigenous women suffer higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage (Bonfil Sánchez et al 2017; Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe [CEPAL] 2014; Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social [CONEVAL] 2014), especially those who speak an indigenous language and/or have darker skin (Arceo-Gomez and Campos-Vazquez 2014; Solís, Güémez, and Holm 2019). Indigenous women have also been found to suffer high levels of physical, political, structural, and emotional violence (Bonfil Sánchez et al 2017; CEPAL 2014).…”

“…Indigenous people have long represented the ethnoracial “Other” in Mexico. Although indigenous culture and heritage have been romanticized in the national image, research has consistently demonstrated indigenous disadvantage relative to the rest of the population (e.g., Bonfil Sánchez et al 2017; CONEVAL 2014; Martínez Casas et al 2014; Solís, Güémez, and Holm 2019; Sue et al 2021). The mechanisms for this inequality are numerous and include institutionalized segregation dating back to the colonial period, regressive agrarian policies, the historical accumulation of disadvantage (CONEVAL 2014; Solís, Güémez, and Holm 2019), and contemporary discrimination in the labor market (Arceo-Gomez and Campos-Vazquez 2014; CONEVAL 2014; Solís, Güémez, and Holm 2019) and in the education system (CONEVAL 2014; Solís, Güémez, and Holm 2019).…”

“…However, only in recent decades have the vast majority of Latin American countries included ethnoracial questions on their censuses in response to a new multiculturalist ideology and a subsequent emphasis on racial inequality (Paschel 2016) spurred by domestic black and indigenous social movements and greater attention by international organizations to ethnoracial inequality (Loveman 2014). These data have spawned new research and debate regarding measurement of ethnoracial population size and ethnoracial inequality (e.g., Flores, Loria, and Martínez-Casas 2019; Loveman, Muniz, and Bailey 2012; Solís, Güémez and Holm 2019; Sue, Riosmena, and Telles 2021; Telles and The Project on Race and Ethnicity in Latin America [PERLA] 2014; Torre-Cantalapiedra and Sánchez-Soto 2019; Villarreal 2014; Villarreal and Bailey 2020).…”