The coyol (Acrocomia aculeata) is a native plant of Mexico that holds great potential as a crop due to its high fruit yield and relatively unexplored. This study aims to contribute signi cant insights into the physicochemical properties, macro, and micro composition of two Mexican coyol (Acrocomia aculeata) varieties from Veracruz and Chiapas and their potential integration into biore nery processes. The results of this study indicate that the Acrocomia aculeata (Chiapas) crop could potentially yield approximately 6.49 to 23.09 tons per hectare of fruits. The kernel and mesocarp of the coyol fruit show promise as viable alternatives, with high yields of 5.81-11.34 tons/ha and 0.89-1.75 tons/ha, respectively, and an oil yield of 11.51 net tons/ha. Furthermore, the epicarp and mesocarp could perform as signi cant reserves of sustainable energy, containing substantial amounts of lignocellulosic material ranging from 2.58-5.05 tons/ha and 3.51-6.85 tons/ha, respectively. Consequently, the coyol fruit, including its mesocarp, kernel, epicarp, and kernel shell, presents an extraordinary potential as an energy source, for biofuel production, food-related activities, and as a chemical resource within the framework of the biore nery concept. Continued exploration of this species in Mexico and America is encouraged due to its promising and sustainable nature, which can yield numerous long-term bene ts.
IntroductionThe unsustainable utilization of natural resources has prompted the search for materials that can meet our needs in a sustainable manner. The global concerns surrounding climate change, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, food security, affordable energy, rural development, and reindustrialization have led to a transition towards a bio-based economy [1-3]. The bio-based economy plays a crucial role in achieving sustainability by enabling e cient use of resources, particularly feedstocks. Through the integration of biomass in biore nery processes, it becomes possible to generate products and services that ful ll societal needs [2].Currently, there are industrial-scale biore neries worldwide, as well as those in the developmental stage. These biore neries can be utilized for the production of biofuels or industrial chemicals. They involve a range of processes, including chemical and thermal processes, and employ various raw material sources, ensuring the complete utilization of biomass [1, 4]. When constructing biore neries, it is essential to consider environmental sustainability, economic viability, and social responsibility throughout the entire value chain, from raw material acquisition to transformation, production of bioproducts, and nal disposal. This comprehensive life cycle analysis allows for effective competition with conventional re neries [5, 6].In the biore ning process, raw materials can be separated into carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and bers. These components can then undergo physical, thermal, chemical, or biochemical treatments to obtain bioproducts or biofuels. Consequently, it is anticipa...