Carambola is a tropical fruit that is highly sought after
by consumers
due to its unique flavor, star shape, and nutritional value. Enhancing
the flavor quality of this fruit can increase the consumer acceptance
and market demand. However, flavor is an intrinsic characteristic
of fruits. Its decoding requires in-depth knowledge based on recognizing
key biological pathways relevant to flavor formation and development.
In this study, the volatile and non-volatile metabolites contributing
to the flavor variation of five carambola cultivars were investigated
by a novel strategy combining GC–MS/O-based volatilomics with
LC–MS-based metabolomics. Several significant flavor-related
pathways, involving biosynthesis or metabolism of amino acids, terpenoids,
fatty acids, sugar and organic acid, and flavonoids were identified
based on the enrichment analysis of important volatile and non-volatile
metabolites. The results indicated that there were metabolites in
the flavor-related pathways being up- or downregulated, leading to
the differences in flavor traits of different carambola cultivars.
This study could provide a valuable reference for breeders and researchers
of interest in the mechanisms underlying the regulation of flavor,
which would ultimately lead to the creation of carambola cultivars
with more attractive flavor profiles and pleasurable consuming experiences.