Carbamate Pesticides: Shedding Light on Their Impact on the Male Reproductive System

Abstract

Carbamates are widely used and known around the world as pesticides in spite of also having medical applications. This class of chemicals is classified as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, blocking acetylcholine hydrolyzation in a reversible manner. Their lack of species selectivity and their reported high toxicity can induce, upon exposure, adverse outcomes in male fertility that may lead to infertility. In addition, they are also considered endocrine-disrupting chemicals and can interfere with the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis, essential for the normal function of the male reproductive system, thus being able to provoke male reproductive dysfunctions. Although the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood, various signaling pathways, such as those mediated by acetylcholine or kisspeptin, are affected by exposure to carbamates, thus compromising steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Over the last decades, several studies, both in vitro and in vivo, have reported a myriad of negative effects of carbamates on the male reproductive system. In this review, an up-to-date overview of the impact of carbamates on the male reproductive system is discussed, with an emphasis on the role of these compounds on acetylcholine regulation and the male endocrine system.

An ultrasensitive “mix-and-detect” kind of fluorescent biosensor for malaoxon detection using the AChE-ATCh-Ag-GO system

“… 9 Additionally, urea and permethrin are non-OPs, while methiocarb is a reversible AChE inhibitor, which could result in an insignificant AChE inhibition rate. 68 Table S3 † provides additional clarification by presenting mean ± SD values for the FE intensity of malaoxon and other interfering substances, such as trichlorfon, methiocarb, temephos, fenthion, permethrin, and urea. These findings validate the exceptional selectivity of the AChE-ATCh-Ag-GO system towards malaoxon exclusively.…”

Pirimicarb Induction of Behavioral Disorders and of Neurological and Reproductive Toxicities in Male Rats: Euphoric and Preventive Effects of Ephedra alata Monjauzeana

“…It reported that there is evidence that exposure to carbamates leads to lower levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and/or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thus compromising steroid genesis and spermatogenesis. Furthermore, various histologic alterations have been demonstrated in the testis along with deficiency of male reproductive capacity [ 70 ].…”

Microbial Detoxification of Residual Pesticides in Fermented Foods: Current Status and Prospects

“…They also act as ACE inhibitors, although they are generally shorter lived than OPPs. Human acute poisoning is fairly common and severe, with symptoms such as bradycardia, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, cough, wheezing, slurred speech, drowsiness, and muscle cramps [ 62 ]. In food, carbaryl was detected in spinach crops in Mexico with concentrations up to 0.399 mg/kg (as the EU MRL is 0.01 mg/kg) [ 36 ], kresoxim (0.18 mg/kg), and thiodicarb (0.038 mg/kg) in potato tubers in Egypt [ 39 ].…”