Carbazole hydroxylation by the filamentous fungi of the Cunninghamella species

Abstract

Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, especially carbazole, quinolone, and pyridine are common types of environmental pollutants. Carbazole has a toxic influence on living organisms, and the knowledge of its persistence and bioconversion in ecosystems is still not complete. There is an increasing interest in detoxification of hazardous xenobiotics by microorganisms. In this study, the ability of three filamentous fungi of the Cunninghamella species to eliminate carbazole was evaluated. The Cunninghamella elegans IM 1785/21Gp and Cunninghamella echinulata IM 2611 strains efficiently removed carbazole. The IM 1785/21Gp and IM 2611 strains converted 93 and 82 % of the initial concentration of the xenobiotic (200 mg L−1) after 120 h incubation. 2-Hydroxycarbazole was for the first time identified as a carbazole metabolite formed by the filamentous fungi of the Cunninghamella species. There was no increase in the toxicity of the postculture extracts toward Artemia franciscana. Moreover, we showed an influence of carbazole on the phospholipid composition of the cells of the tested filamentous fungi, which indicated its harmful effect on the fungal cell membrane. The most significant modification of phospholipid levels after the cultivation of filamentous fungi with the addition of carbazole was showed for IM 1785/21Gp strain.

Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in Arctic air – Part 2: Application of a new tool for identification and prioritisation of chemicals of emerging Arctic concern in air

“…An important pathway for the long-range transport of persistent organic chemicals is via the atmosphere (Xiao et al, 2012;Genualdi et al, 2011;Hung et al, 2010;MacLeod et al, 2005;Koziol and Pudykiewicz, 2001; Barrie et al, 1992). Environmental persistence and long-range atmospheric transport potential (LRATP) (Zhang et al, 2010;Czub et al, 2008) are two hazard criteria which characterise persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs are considered to be priority pollutants, and their use and production is regulated through international agreements, such as the Stockholm Convention on POPs and the Aarhus protocol on POPs under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) (UNEP, 2009b;UNECE, 1998).…”

Elimination and detoxification of 2,4-D by Umbelopsis isabellina with the involvement of cytochrome P450

“…The saltwater shellfish Artemia spp . is very often used for evaluating the toxicity of a variety of xenobiotics, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, wastewaters, or seawater (Libralato et al 2010 ; Bernat et al 2013 ; Słaba et al 2013 ; Leis et al 2014 ; Xu et al 2015 ; Zawadzka et al 2015 ; Janicki et al 2016 ). To determine the toxicity changes during the biotransformation of 2,4-D by U. isabellina , an Artoxkit M bioassay was applied.…”

Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in ambient air – Part 1: Combining a novel sample clean-up method with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

“…Carbazole is mainly used in carbazole-containing polymers (PVK, poly(-N-vinylcarbazole)), which could be used in photovoltaic devices or in semiconducting polymers (Zhao et al, 2017;Grazulevicius et al, 2003). This compound is also used in the production of various pharmaceuticals (Zawadzka et al, 2015). Carbazole was identified in both the GFF and PUF sample.…”