Carbide-Derived Carbons: WAXS and Raman Spectra for Detailed Structural Analysis

Härmas, Riinu; Palm, Rasmus; Kurig, Heisi; Puusepp, Laura; Pfaff, Torben; Romann, Tavo; Aruväli, Jaan; Tallo, Indrek; Thomberg, Thomas; Jänes, Alar; Lust, Enn

doi:10.3390/c7010029

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Similar FWHM trends have been shown for other carbon materials temperature series, where the extent of change is highly dependent on the analysis model applied. 51,52 Both series (Fig. 4d) also exhibited an increasing I D /I G ratio on temperature increase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Optimizing Synthesis Temperature for Lignin-Derived Hard Carbon Anode for High Cycling Capacity in Sodium-Ion Batteries

Härmas,

Olgo,

Adamson

et al. 2024

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This comprehensive study sheds light on the promising potential of lignin-derived carbonaceous materials as sustainable and cost-effective anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, contributing to the development of eco-friendly energy storage technologies. Lignin, a complex and abundant biopolymer, undergoes a facile pyrolysis process to produce carbonaceous materials. The unique microstructure of lignin-derived carbon, characterized by a relatively high surface area and interconnected porous network, facilitates efficient sodium ion diffusion and accommodates volume changes during cycling. The effects of pre-treatment methods, carbonization conditions, and structural modifications of lignin on the electrochemical performance are systematically investigated. Furthermore, the electrochemical mechanisms underlying the sodiation/desodiation processes in lignin-derived carbon (LDC) based anodes are elucidated through advanced characterization techniques, including in situ spectroscopy and microscopy. Among the different hard carbon materials, pre-pyrolyzed lignin-derived carbon LDC-300-1400 (300 shows which pre-treatment pyrolysis temperature was used and 1400°C is the post-pyrolysis temperature) shows the most favourable outcomes, demonstrating a reversible capacity of 359 mAh g−1, 1st cycle coulombic efficiency of 81%, and good rate capabilities. Hydrothermally pre-treated LDCs show a slightly lower specific capacity value reaching up to 337 mAh g−1.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Therefore, 2 additional peaks were introduced to obtain a better fit. 51 Synthesized materials had sharper and more wellexpressed normalized peaks at higher synthesis temperatures (Figs. 4a and 4b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Optimizing Synthesis Temperature for Lignin-Derived Hard Carbon Anode for High Cycling Capacity in Sodium-Ion Batteries

Härmas,

Olgo,

Adamson

et al. 2024

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…As shown in Figure 7 , the spectra revealed at least four component active modes centred at ~1201–1217 cm −1 , ~1339–1350 cm −1 , ~1493–1511 cm −1 , and ~1590–1596 cm −1 , respectively. The lower frequency ~1201–1217 cm −1 bands result from the vibrational mode of transpolyacetylene (TPA)-like structures, indicating the formation of TPA-like chains at the zig-zag edges of defective HCS shells, with the linewidth of the TPA-band being proportional to the number of the zigzag chains [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ]. Notably, the linewidth of the TPA-band decreased upon the addition of Ni nanoparticles to the support, and the intensity is observed to be dependent on the type of the precursor salt employed ( Figure S3 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the hydrocarbon radicals from the acetate anion facilitated the healing of the HCS shells ( Figure 7 a), leading to the formation of fewer defective zigzag edges in the Ni@HCSs Ni(acet)2 nanocatalysts ( Figure 7 b). In addition to the TPA-band, broadening of the A-band (~1493–1511 cm −1 ), especially for the Ni-based catalyst samples suggested high amorphous carbon content in the form of interstitial disordered carbon with sp 3 links [ 60 , 63 ]. In particular, the etching effect of the chloride anions on the carbon shell is shown by the broader linewidth of the A-band in the Ni@HCSs NiCl2 nanocatalyst ( Figure 7 c); an indication of the incorporation of adatoms, carbon radicals, and/or sp 3 structures into defective edges of the HCS shells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalyst Design: Counter Anion Effect on Ni Nanocatalysts Anchored on Hollow Carbon Spheres

et al. 2023

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Herein, the influence of the counter anion on the structural properties of hollow carbon spheres (HCS) support was investigated by varying the nickel metal precursor salts applied. TEM and SEM micrographs revealed the dimensional dependence of the HCS shell on the Ni precursor salt, as evidenced by thick (~42 nm) and thin (~23 nm) shells for the acetate and chloride-based salts, respectively. Importantly, the effect of the precursor salt on the textural properties of the HCS nanosupports (~565 m2/gNi(acet)) and ~607 m2/gNiCl), influenced the growth of the Ni nanoparticles, viz for the acetate-(ca 6.4 nm)- and chloride (ca 12 nm)-based salts, respectively. Further, XRD and PDF analysis showed the dependence of the reduction mechanism relating to nickel and the interaction of the nickel–carbon support on the type of counter anion used. Despite the well-known significance of the counter anion on the size and crystallinity of Ni nanoparticles, little is known about the influence of such counter anions on the physicochemical properties of the carbon support. Through this study, we highlight the importance of the choice of the Ni-salt on the size of Ni in Ni–carbon-based nanocatalysts.

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“…49 The common parameter I D1 /I G was calculated as 3.083 for the blue pad on the wear scar. On the other hand, Harmas et al 50 systematically applied different deconvolution methods and quantitative parameters to analyze of the structure of carbide-derived carbons. It is considered that the five-peak deconvolution model by Sadezky et al 47 and the modified I D1 /I G parameter provide the most coherent results for disordered nongraphitic carbons.…”

Section: Raman Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Investigation of Various Organophosphate Intercalated CoAl-LDHs As Additives in Polyalphaolefin

Dao,

Tieu,

Tran

2024

ACS Appl. Eng. Mater.

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This study focuses on the synthesis and investigation of four organophosphate-intercalated CoAl-LDHs as additives for oil lubricants. Phosphate esters have been wellknown for their excellent antiwear properties in automobile applications. On the other hand, layered double hydroxide (LDH) has a unique lamellar structure that can contain anionic species that can be released under certain conditions. The successful intercalations of various organophosphates, including methyl phosphate (C1P), isopropyl phosphate (C3P), phenyl phosphate (C6P), and dodecyl phosphate (C12P), into CoAl-LDH were achieved. Ultimately, the C6P-LDH demonstrated exceptional antiwear performance, reducing friction and wear loss by 25% and 69%, respectively, compared to PAO-4 base oil. Interestingly, the C6P tribofilm shows two distinct regions with different colors under an optical microscope. Thorough characterizations of the two regions of interest were conducted via Raman spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and cryo-electron energy loss spectroscopy techniques and demonstrated that the blue tribofilm pads consisted of mixed metallic oxides and phosphates, while the gray pads were rich in metallic cobalt, which was unexpected for tribofilm formed in situ during lubrication under ambient atmosphere. The thick oxide-phosphate layer is crucial for preventing wear loss. Additionally, a thin iron oxide layer at the steel interface strengthens the tribofilm adhesion to the steel base. The tribofilm formation mechanism was discussed and proposed. The influence of LDH dispersibility on the tribological behaviors was also discussed.

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Carbide-Derived Carbons: WAXS and Raman Spectra for Detailed Structural Analysis

Cited by 10 publications

References 49 publications

Optimizing Synthesis Temperature for Lignin-Derived Hard Carbon Anode for High Cycling Capacity in Sodium-Ion Batteries

Optimizing Synthesis Temperature for Lignin-Derived Hard Carbon Anode for High Cycling Capacity in Sodium-Ion Batteries

Catalyst Design: Counter Anion Effect on Ni Nanocatalysts Anchored on Hollow Carbon Spheres

Comprehensive Investigation of Various Organophosphate Intercalated CoAl-LDHs As Additives in Polyalphaolefin

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