Carbofuran detected on weathered raptor carcass feet

Vyas, Nimish B.; Spann, James W.; Hulse, Craig S.; Bauer, Wayne; Olson, Sabra

doi:10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[1178:ftfcdo]2.0.co;2

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Vyas et al (2003) detected residues of the OP compound diazinon in (artificially exposed) gosling feet left outside for seven days. Residues of the CM carbofuran were also found in the (artificially exposed) talons of Eastern Screech-owls Megascops asio weathered for 28 days (Vyas et al 2005). Otieno et al (2010) detected residues of carbofuran and its primary metabolites in the talons and beaks of a desiccated African White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus carcass retrieved from an agricultural field in Kenya.…”

Section: Inmentioning

confidence: 95%

Talons and beaks are viable but underutilized samples for detecting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide poisoning in raptors

Richards¹,

Zorrilla²,

Lalah³

et al. 2018

Vul. News

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In Europe and Africa, birds of prey, particularly vultures, are being secondarily or intentionally poisoned with acutely toxic concentrations of organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticides in baited food items. By the time a mortality incident is discovered, few or no fresh carcasses, considered optimal for toxicological analysis, remain. Regardless, residues are not always detectible in typically analyzed samples (e.g., liver) because death can occur so rapidly. Without concrete forensic evidence to implicate the compounds being used and an intent to poison, ongoing local mitigation and regulatory efforts will continue to be undermined. We have sought additional means of gathering information about deliberate wildlife poisoning by testing the feasibility of detecting residues in decomposed carcasses that would not

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Section: Inmentioning

confidence: 95%

Talons and beaks are viable but underutilized samples for detecting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide poisoning in raptors

Richards¹,

Zorrilla²,

Lalah³

et al. 2018

Vul. News

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“…Simulating a dermal contact scenario, goslings were exposed to turf sprayed with the OP diazinon (O,O -diethyl O -(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate); residues were subsequently detected in their feet after these were removed and weathered for seven days (Vyas et al 2003). Similarly, eastern Screechowls Megascops asio were exposed to baits laced with CM carbofuran (2,3 -dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) and residues were detected in their talons after these had been weathered for 28 days post-exposure (Vyas et al 2005). Residues of carbofuran and two of its primary metabolites (3-ketocarbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran) were also identified in the highly weathered talons and beak of an African Whitebacked Vulture Gyps africanus recovered from an agricultural field in Kenya (Otieno et al 2010, Otieno et al 2012.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary assessment of the palate and tongue for detecting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide exposure in the degraded carcasses of vultures and other animals

Richards¹,

Zorilla²,

Fernández³

et al. 2015

Vul. News

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In many regions of the world, organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticides are used to poison wildlife thought to be competing with human activities (e.g. hunting). Vultures may be secondarily poisoned or directly targeted, e.g. for muti or traditional medicine. Some OPs and CMs are so acutely toxic that animals will die with poisoned material still in their mouths -un-swallowed, before traces may have spread to other parts of the body. Even when death is more prolonged, the tissues in which residues have accumulated may deteriorate before the carcass is discovered, minimizing the chances of recovering viable samples for toxicological analyses that would conclusively identify poisoning as the cause of death. With all these factors in mind, we investigated the feasibility of detecting OP and CM pesticides in the oral cavity, with emphasis on the tongue and palate. A total of 60 degraded carcasses (n = 28 avian and 32 mammalian) recovered from various scenes of wildlife crime in Andalucía, southern Spain, where poisoning was suspected, Vulture News 68 July 2015 33 were submitted to the Center for Analysis and Diagnosis of Wildlife in Málaga for necropsy and toxicological analyses. Of these, 20 and 24 avian and mammalian tongues, respectively, could be recovered for analysis. Separately, the palate from one degraded Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus carcass was also opportunistically retrieved and analyzed following an incident of vulture mass-mortality in which nine Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus also perished. Residues or presence of OPs and CMs were detected in one avian tongue (analyzed with food from the mouth) and four mammalian tongues. Our findings suggest avian tongues alone are not optimal, but canid tongues and those of larger mammals may lend themselves well to analysis. Detection of the OP chlorfenvinphos (3.39 mg/kg) in the Cinereous Vulture palate (the only part of the carcass in which residues were detected) indicates this is a promising sample. To our knowledge, this represents the first time that OP and CM pesticides have been detected in tongue and palate samples. We recommend further exploration of oral cavity samples, especially within the context of the risk that residues therein may pose to human health.

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“…Thimbles and filter papers used during extraction were pre-extracted first using 250 ml dichloromethane for 8 h in a Soxhlet apparatus. The analytical procedure involved solvent extraction of homogenized samples, clean-up on a solid-phase extraction column and analysis using reverse-phase HPLC with UV detection based on other methods reported earlier (Argauer et al 1995;Kawamoto and Makthata 2003;Lalah and Wandiga 1996;Takino et al 2004;Vyas et al 2005;Yang et al 1996). Accurately weighed 25 g of weathered feet and beaks of the dead birds were cut using a pair of scissors.…”

Section: Pesticide Residue Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each foot (below the distal end of the tarsometatarsus) and beak was cut further into approximately 0.6-cm pieces using scissors before homogenization in a pestle and mortar, before solvent extraction. Each sample was extracted 3 times in a glass conical flask with 50 ml of acetone/ dichloromethane (1:1, volume) followed by filtration using Whatman filter paper No 1 (Vyas et al 2005). The extracts were combined and reduced to 2 ml in a rotary evaporator at about 20°C (Lalah and Wandiga 1996) before clean-up.…”

Section: Pesticide Residue Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has been found mainly in row crops, such as corn, and field crops, such as oilseeds (Mineau 2003). Several cases of poisoning through food chain transfer, secondary exposure and illegal poisoning with laced baits have been reported (Allen et al 1996;Crocker 2005;Elliot et al 1996;Mineau 2003;Vyas et al 2003;Vyas et al 2005). Acute uptake of carbofuran, just like other carbamates, through accidental exposure can result in acute toxicities and fatalities even in humans (Hayes 1982;Ecobichon 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbofuran use and abuse in Kenya: residues in soils, plants, water courses and the African white-backed vultures (Gyps africanus) found dead

et al. 2011

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The increasing number of incidences of alleged wildlife poisoning with Furadan in Kenya has sparked off a strong lobby fronted by wildlife conservationists against Furadan use in the country and prompted this study. The worst-case scenario was in 2004 in Athi River, where a massive number of 187 African white-backed vultures (Gyps africanus) and hyenas were found dead at a spot where poisoning was suspected to have occurred through a Furadan-laced camel carcass bait. This study was initiated by the Peregrine Fund-Africa Project, and the objective was to provide evidence for Furadan exposure, its misuse and involvement in vulture poisoning and potential impact on areas near two wildlife conservancies in two most affected districts. The study found evidence for ready availability of Furadan 5G in local veterinary retail shops and its illegal misuse by pastoralists and farmers against wildlife to protect their animals and crops. Analysis of soil, water and plants taken from the farms and water sources by high-perfomance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) found residues of carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran, indicating that Furadan was used extensively in farming causing residual environmental distribution and contamination and posing risks to small birds and mammals. Forensic analysis of residues in beaks, feet and crop content of the dead vultures as well as in a laced camel carcass bait and soil samples from one site of poisoning also showed carbofuran and its two metabolites supporting allegations of Furadan involvement in wildlife poisoning and high-mortality cases of African whitebacked vultures (Gyps africanus) in Kenya.

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Carbofuran detected on weathered raptor carcass feet

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Talons and beaks are viable but underutilized samples for detecting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide poisoning in raptors

Talons and beaks are viable but underutilized samples for detecting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide poisoning in raptors

A preliminary assessment of the palate and tongue for detecting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide exposure in the degraded carcasses of vultures and other animals

Carbofuran use and abuse in Kenya: residues in soils, plants, water courses and the African white-backed vultures (Gyps africanus) found dead

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