Carbohydrate-Based Host-Guest Complexation of Hydrophobic Antibiotics for the Enhancement of Antibacterial Activity

Abstract

Host-guest complexation with various hydrophobic drugs has been used to enhance the solubility, permeability, and stability of guest drugs. Physical changes in hydrophobic drugs by complexation have been related to corresponding increases in the bioavailability of these drugs. Carbohydrates, including various derivatives of cyclodextrins, cyclosophoraoses, and some linear oligosaccharides, are generally used as host complexation agents in drug delivery systems. Many antibiotics with low bioavailability have some limitations to their clinical use due to their intrinsically poor aqueous solubility. Bioavailability enhancement is therefore an important step to achieve the desired concentration of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections. Antibiotics encapsulated in a complexation-based drug delivery system will display improved antibacterial activity making it possible to reduce dosages and overcome the serious global problem of antibiotic resistance. Here, we review the present research trends in carbohydrate-based host-guest complexation of various hydrophobic antibiotics as an efficient delivery system to improve solubility, permeability, stability, and controlled release.

Antimicrobial Nanogels with Nanoinjection Capabilities for Delivery of the Hydrophobic Antibacterial Agent Triclosan

“…Another strategy to overcome resistance is to improve delivery or accessibility of existing bactericides to enhance the effectiveness at the lesion site, especially of the hydrophobic drugs, which have poor solubility and bioavailability. 35 For example, Triclosan, a commercial broad-spectrum hydrophobic antimicrobial, combats bacteria by nonspecific interaction with the cell membrane leading to the death of bacteria but also specifically blocks the lipid synthesis to stop the bacterial growth. 36 To overcome the limiting factors mentioned above, nanogels stand out because of their unique properties.…”

Solubilization of poorly water‐soluble bioactive molecules in neutral aqueous media by complexation with renatured β‐1,3‐1,6‐glucan nanoparticles

“…Among these approaches, complexation is one of the most useful ones from the viewpoint of final solution transparency. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are typical host molecules that can incorporate poorly water‐soluble bioactive molecules into their inner hydrophobic cavity and stably solubilize them in aqueous media . However, the small CD cavity size (<1 nm) and the complex inclusion protocols hamper the use of CDs in many applications .…”

Sulfated β‐Cyclodextrin Templated Assembly and Disassembly of Acridine Orange: Unraveling Contrasting Binding Mechanisms and Light Off/On Switching

“…In supramolecular chemistry, native and derivatized cyclodextrins (CDs) are the most widely investigated host molecules to explore application prospects related to targeted drug delivery, pharmaceutical formulations, improved bioavailability, efficient nanomedicines, etc ,. and many of these macrocycles are realized as the novel excipients possessing many unexplored potentials.…”

“…However, due to its limited aqueous solubility, hemolytic effect and moderate binding ability only towards neutral guests, the uses of βCD in diverse areas are quite restricted ,. To overcome these problems, many derivatives of βCD are being prepared to reduce their toxicity, increase their water solubility and improve their inclusion capabilities for various guest molecules, bringing out their extensive utilizations in supramolecular and suprabiomolecular chemistry ,,,…”

“…Active research in supramolecular chemistry involving efficient water soluble macrocyclic hosts have aroused immense interest in molecular recognition field due to their potential applications in chemotherapy, drug delivery, pharmaceuticals, imaging, sensors,, on–off switches, food industry,, catalysis,, nanotechnology,, functional materials, etc. Supramolecular host‐guest assemblies constructed through non‐covalent interactions are highly reversible, dynamic and easy to tune by the influence of external stimuli like light, temperature, pH,,,, competitive analyte,,, etc., which provides these assemblies to be amenable for execution of many “on demand” roles at targeted sites and specific sensing .…”