Carbohydrate loading in human muscle: an improved 1 day protocol

Bussau, Vanessa A.; Fairchild, Timothy J.; Rao, Arjun; Steele, Peter; Fournier, Paul A.

doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0621-5

Cited by 122 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Results indicated that CHO consumption, particularly in the latter half of the week was more important to performance than earlier in the week. This supports the guidelines that shorter CHO loading protocols should be sufficient [29][30]. This is an important message for athletes since they appear to struggle to consume the amounts recommended.…”

Section: Nutrient Intake In the Week Prior To The Eventsupporting

confidence: 75%

Macronutrient Consumption Prior to, and during, a Mountain Marathon

Mahon¹,

Hackett²,

Stott³

et al. 2014

AJSS

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Participation in ultra-endurance events such as mountain marathons is increasing, yet analysis of the nutritional intake and requirements of this group of athletes have received relatively little attention. This field study examined athletes' food intake prior to, and during a mountain marathon event to assess compliance with recommendations and to identify associations with performance. Nineteen male athletes competing in the Longmynd Hike (LH) completed a 7-day food diary in the week prior to the event and a weighed food inventory of all items consumed during the event. Despite reported intentions to increase carbohydrate (CHO) consumption in the week prior to the event, there was no significant change in consumption across the week. The mean daily CHO intake of 4.5 g/kg/d was below that recommended to effectively enhance glycogen stores. CHO and energy consumption prior to the event were positively associated with performance [energy (kJ/kg/d): r = .56, p = 0.03; CHO (g/kg/d): r = .54, p = 0.04]. Energy and CHO consumption during the event were also positively correlated with performance [energy (kJ/kg/h): r = .80, p < 0.001; CHO (g/kg/h): r = .75, p = 0.001)], despite most participants again failing to meet recommendations for intake. Further research is needed to determine reasons for non-compliance with nutritional guidelines and to investigate to what extent type and timing of macronutrient intake during such events impacts on performance.

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Section: Nutrient Intake In the Week Prior To The Eventsupporting

confidence: 75%

Macronutrient Consumption Prior to, and during, a Mountain Marathon

Mahon¹,

Hackett²,

Stott³

et al. 2014

AJSS

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“…In the context of a two game week, it is likely that players did not consume adequate CHO to optimize muscle glycogen storage in the day before and in recovery from the games (Bussau et al, 2002;Krustrup et al, 2006). This point is especially relevant considering the inability to fully replenish muscle glycogen content in type II fibers 48 hr after match play, even when CHO intake is > 8 g·kg -1 body mass per day (Gunnarsson et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Intake and Expenditure of Professional Soccer Players of the English Premier League: Evidence of Carbohydrate Periodization

Anderson

Orme

Naughton³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

112

148

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In an attempt to better identify and inform the energy requirements of elite soccer players, we quantified the energy expenditure (EE) of players from the English Premier League (n = 6) via the doubly labeled water method (DLW) over a 7-day in-season period. Energy intake (EI) was also assessed using food diaries, supported by the remote food photographic method and 24 hr recalls. The 7-day period consisted of 5 training days (TD) and 2 match days (MD). Although mean daily EI (3186 ± 367 kcals) was not different from (p > .05) daily EE (3566 ± 585 kcals), EI was greater (p < .05) on MD (3789 ± 532 kcal; 61.1 ± 11.4 kcal.kg -1 LBM) compared with TD (2956 ± 374 kcal; 45.2 ± 9.3 kcal.kg -1 LBM, respectively). Differences in EI were reflective of greater (p < .05) daily CHO intake on MD (6.4 ± 2.2 g.kg -1 ) compared with TD (4.2 ± 1.4 g.kg -1 ). Exogenous CHO intake was also different (p < .01) during training sessions (3.1 ± 4.4 g.h -1 ) versus matches (32.3 ± 21.9 g.h -1 ). In contrast, daily protein (205 ± 30 g.kg -1 , p = .29) and fat intake (101 ± 20 g, p = .16) did not display any evidence of daily periodization as opposed to g.kg -1 , Although players readily achieve current guidelines for daily protein and fat intake, data suggest that CHO intake on the day before and in recovery from match play was not in accordance with guidelines to promote muscle glycogen storage.

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“…Traditional carbohydrate loading regimens involve lengthy (7 days) preparations, combining a phase of carbohydrate depletion before high-carbohydrate refueling (Ahlborg et al, 1967). More contemporary research suggests carbohydrate intakes of 10-12 g/kg BM/day for the 36-48 hr before exercise combined with normal training is sufficient to achieve a supercompensation in muscle glycogen stores (Bussau et al, 2002). Female swimmers are encouraged to increase their energy intake in conjunction with carbohydrate intakes to ensure that suitable "loading" occurs (Tarnopolsky et al, 2001).…”

Section: Prerace Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition Considerations for Open-Water Swimming

Shaw¹,

Koivisto²,

Gerrard³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Open-water swimming (OWS) is a rapidly developing discipline. Events of 5-25 km are featured at FINA World Championships, and the international circuit includes races of 5-88 km. The Olympic OWS event, introduced in 2008, is contested over 10 km. Differing venues present changing environmental conditions, including water and ambient temperatures, humidity, solar radiation, and unpredictable tides. Furthermore, the duration of most OWS events (1-6 hr) creates unique physiological challenges to thermoregulation, hydration status, and muscle fuel stores. Current nutrition recommendations for open-water training and competition are either an extension of recommendations from pool swimming or are extrapolated from other athletic populations with similar physiological requirements. Competition nutrition should focus on optimizing prerace hydration and glycogen stores. Although swimmers should rely on self-supplied fuel and fluid sources for shorter events, for races of 10 km or greater, fluid and fuel replacement can occur from feeding pontoons when tactically appropriate. Over the longer races, feeding pontoons should be used to achieve desirable targets of up to 90 g/ hr of carbohydrates from multitransportable sources. Exposure to variable water and ambient temperatures will play a significant role in determining race nutrition strategies. For example, in extreme environments, thermoregulation may be assisted by manipulating the temperature of the ingested fluids. Swimmers are encouraged to work with nutrition experts to develop effective and efficient strategies that enhance performance through appropriate in-competition nutrition.

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Carbohydrate loading in human muscle: an improved 1 day protocol

Cited by 122 publications

References 25 publications

Macronutrient Consumption Prior to, and during, a Mountain Marathon

Macronutrient Consumption Prior to, and during, a Mountain Marathon

Energy Intake and Expenditure of Professional Soccer Players of the English Premier League: Evidence of Carbohydrate Periodization

Nutrition Considerations for Open-Water Swimming

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