Carbohydrate sources deferentially influence growth performances, microbial dynamics and immunomodulation in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under biofloc system

Three different C: N ratios for Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei under practical conditions: Evaluation of growth performance, immune and metabolic pathways

“…The improved growth performance of shrimps reared under the biofloc system is because of the continuous consumption of ‘native proteins’. The carbon sources provided in the experiment also influence the growth of shrimps as reported in our earlier study (Panigrahi, Sundaram, Saranya, Swain, et al., 2019). Thus, the results obtained support the view that the shrimp can grow in a healthy condition with carbohydrate addition.…”

“…The intestinal bacterial isolates from different treatments in this study showed promising extracellular enzyme activity suggests that the rich nutrient accumulation in the biofloc system allows the colonization of extracellular enzyme‐producing bacterial populations which can aid in the digestion process of the host animal. These enzymatic strains have important roles in BFT system to utilize the input carbohydrates which in turn give better performance and immunity to the reared animals (Panigrahi, Sundaram, Saranya, Swain, et al., 2019).…”

“…This improves the production in the grow‐out phase leading to further improve the yield (Samocha, 2009, 2010). Biofloc‐based culture practice is innovative farming technology which potentially, exploits the capacity to harness the natural microbial food web, remedy for water quality and also acts as a novel approach for disease management in aquaculture by boosting the innate immunity of the host (Ahmad et al., 2017; Panigrahi et al., 2018; Panigrahi, Sundaram, Saranya, Kumar et al., 2019; Panigrahi, Sundaram, Saranya, Swain et al., 2019). This farming system makes use of aggregated single‐cell microbial protein or heterotrophic organisms colonized through manipulation of the C: N ratio in the culture system (Panigrahi, Esakkiraj, et al., 2019).…”

Use of biofloc technology in shrimp aquaculture: a comprehensive review, with emphasis on the last decade

“…Therefore, BFT-reared shrimp showed higher resistance to disease after challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Consequently, immune response parameters, such as total hemocyte count (THC) and prophenoloxidase (ProPO) activity, were significantly increased in heterotrophic biofloc-reared white shrimp, compared to non-biofloc trials (Panigrahi et al 2019a). Bioflocs are also capable of accumulating a bacterial compound poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), which has been shown to improve growth and food digestibility and protect farmed aquatic animals from bacterial infections (Kuhn et al 2009;De Schryver et al 2010;.…”

“…As mentioned above, the BFT in shrimp and prawn aquaculture has received considerable attention during the past decade (Panigrahi et al 2017;Kumar et al 2017;Kaya et al 2019). Published works covered various disciplines of shrimp culture in biofloc systems, including the following (i) types of biofloc systems (Panigrahi et al 2018(Panigrahi et al , 2019a(Panigrahi et al , 2019b(Panigrahi et al , 2020a; (ii) pathways for ammonia removal in biofloc systems (Kumar et al 2019;Panigrahi et al 2019cPanigrahi et al , 2020a; (iii) factors affecting shrimp production in BFT systems; (iv) nutritional value of bioflocs for shrimp culture (Ekasari et al 2014b;Khanjani et al 2015;Panigrahi et al 2019d); (v) role of bioflocs as probiotics in shrimp culture (Ekasari et al 2014a;Anand et al 2017;Panigrahi et al 2020c); (vi) application of BFT in shrimp culture (Khanjani et al 2017Martinez-Porchas et al 2020); (vii) integrated biofloc-based shrimp farming (Fourooghifard et al 2018); (viii) economic considerations (Pinto et al 2020); and (ix) challenges facing BFT-based aquaculture. The following sections will discuss and analyse these studies.…”