Carbohydrate utilization in the pre-ruminant calf

Abstract

I . Changes in blood sugar levels after giving carbohydrates have been used to assess carbo-2. Glucose, galactose and lactose were readily utilized by all calves; the utilization of glucose 3. Maltose and fructose utilization was low in young calves and increased slightly with age. 4. Sucrose and starch were not utilized. 5. Studies with three older pre-ruminant calves (aged 53, 88 and 106 days) in which the carbohydrates were infused into the proximal duodenum showed that glucose, galactose, lactose and xylose all caused marked increases in the level of blood reducing sugar, whereas fructose and sucrose caused no increase, and maltose was intermediate. Xylose and galactose caused very little change in the blood glucose concentration.6. It appeared that preferential uptake occurred of glucose from a glucose-galactose mixture. 7.A non-linear relationship was found between the concentration of glucose or galactose hydrate utilization in pre-ruminant calves aged between 10 and 50 days.and galactose increased with age, whereas that of lactose remained constant.infused and the increase in the level of blood reducing sugar.

Galactose, Glucose, and Lactate Concentrations in the Portal Venous and Arterial Circulations of Newborn Lambs after Nursing

“…2A and B, 3A and B). Ulbrich studying human newborns each demonstrated large increases in peripheral glucose concentration and much smaller changes in peripheral galactose concentration after lactose ingestion, similar to the arterial data we report in Figures 2A and 3A. Siddons et al (14) gave lactose to preruminant calves and found quantitatively large increases in peripheral and Glupv with much smaller increases in the peripheral and Galpv. However, Siddons et al (14) estimated galactose concentration from the changes in blood reducing substances and glucose concentration.…”

Effects of replacing lactose from milk replacer by glucose, fructose, or glycerol on energy partitioning in veal calves

“…Either way, it indicates that ileal disappearance of fructose is lower than that of glucose and glycerol, which could result in osmotic or fermentative diarrhea. Diarrhea has been reported after feeding a fructose solution to milk-fed calves (Velu et al, 1960;Siddons et al, 1969).…”

“…This is in agreement with the delay in 13 CO 2 production after feeding 13 C-labeled fructose compared with glucose and glycerol. Fructose could be converted into glucose (calves; Siddons et al, 1969;Kurz and Willett, 1992), lactate (humans and rats; Pereira and Jangaard, 1971;Swanson et al, 1992;Chong et al, 2007;Teff et al, 2009), and glycogen (rats; Pereira and Jangaard, 1971). In humans, 50% of the fructose, which is metabolized by the liver, is converted into glucose, 25% into lactate, 15 to 18% into glycogen, and 1 to 5% into free fatty acids (as reviewed by Rippe and Angelopoulos, 2013).…”

“…Glucose is preferentially absorbed from the small intestine over galactose (Coombe and Smith, 1973), and replacing lactose with glucose might result in a greater postprandial blood glucose concentration, which could result in an increased excretion of glucose via urine when the renal threshold is exceeded (Hostettler-Allen et al, 1994;Vicari et al, 2008a). Feeding a fructose solution to milk-fed calves results in a low reducing sugar response in blood sampled from the jugular vein (Velu et al, 1960;Siddons et al, 1969). This result suggests either a rapid uptake of fructose by the liver from hepatic portal blood, as seen in rats and humans (as reviewed by Mayes, 1993), and subsequent postabsorptive conversion of fructose into products other than reducing sugars (i.e., glycogen, lactate, CO 2 ), or a low absorption of fructose from the intestinal lumen.…”

The effect of level of feeding on the carbohydrate of duodenal digesta in cattle given a high grain diet

“…The preceding researchers also observed positive increases in blood reducing sugar with lactose. Maltose, however, did not greatly increase blood reducing sugars in very young calves although the response increased slightly with age (Dollar and Porter, 1957;Huber et al, 1961b;Velu et al, 1960;Siddons et al, 1969) Watson et al (1972) have also demonstrated with cows that feeding ground pelleted maize appreciably increased the quantity of a-linked glucose polymers entering the small intestine. Others (Wright et al, 1966;Karr et al, 1966;Judson et al, 1968;Little et al, 1968;Tucker et al, 1968) Table 4 is a summary of the analysis of variance for total dry matter in duodenal ingesta.…”