Carbohydrates

Hemre, Gro‐Ingunn; Deng, Dong‐Fang

doi:10.1002/9781119005568.ch4

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with previous reports of other carnivorous species such as summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus L.; Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.; turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L.; Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis ; and Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis (Biswas et al, ; Daniels & Gallagher, ; Hamre, Øfsti, Næss, Nortvedt, & Holm, ; Lee, Cho, Park, Kim, & Lee, ; Rema et al, ), where the optimum dietary protein level for best performance ranged from 550 to 650 g/kg diet depending on the fish species, life stage, experimental diet, and condition (NRC, 2011). The high protein requirement of carnivorous juveniles has been attributed to their poor ability to utilize dietary carbohydrate and lipid (Hemre & Deng, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary protein requirement for juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri

Sankian

Khosravi

Kim

et al. 2018

J World Aquaculture Soc

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An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the dietary protein requirement of juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri, a demersal freshwater piscivore with high commercial value in East Asia. Five isolipidic (100 g/kg) and isoenergetic (20 MJ/kg) practical diets were formulated to contain graded levels of 450, 500, 550, 600, and 650 g/kg crude protein, using mackerel fishmeal as the sole source of protein. Each of the five test diets was fed to visual satiety to triplicate groups of fish (initial mean body weight ± SE; 20.1 ± 0.2 g) reared in a recirculating freshwater system over the experimental period. Fish growth performance in terms of weight gain tended to improve with increasing dietary protein level, and the highest values were observed in those fish fed the 600–650 g/kg diets. Feed intake significantly declined as the protein content of the diet increased. Feed efficiency and protein retention tended to increase with increasing dietary protein levels, from 450 to 600 g/kg, and then declined when dietary protein content further increased to 650 g/kg. A similar trend was also found for the protein efficiency ratio, although the observed changes did not reach statistical significance. Whole‐body composition and plasma biochemical parameters were not significantly affected by the dietary protein content. Based on these findings and a broken‐line model of growth, 614.4 g/kg seems to be the proper amount of protein in a practical diet for >20 g mandarin fish.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary protein requirement for juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri

Sankian

Khosravi

Kim

et al. 2018

J World Aquaculture Soc

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show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have shown that carnivorous fish have a weak ability to use carbohydrates. The main reasons for this are the low activity of their digestive enzymes and their limited number and less‐adaptive glucose transporters (Hemre & Deng, 2015). Resulting hyperglycaemia can lead to oxidative stress in fish (Enes, Sanchez‐Gurmaches, Navarro, Gutiérrez, & Oliva‐Teles, 2010), thus affecting the innate immunity of fish (Wu et al., 2016; Zhou, Ge, Lin, & Niu, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios on growth, plasma biochemical indexes, digestive and immune enzymes activities of juvenile orange‐spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides

et al. 2020

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An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid (CHO:L) ratios on growth, liver and muscle glycogen content, haematological indices, and liver and intestinal enzyme activity of juvenile grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Five isonitrogenous (496.0 g/kg protein) and isoenergetic (21.6 KJ/g gross energy) diets with varying CHO:L ratios of 0.65 (D1), 1.31 (D2), 2.33 (D3), 4.24 (D4) and 8.51 (D5), respectively, were fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (average 10.02 ± 0.1 g) for 8 weeks. Results showed that the weight gain rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of juvenile grouper increased first and then decreased with the increase in CHO:L ratio, reaching a maximum value in the D4 (CHO:L = 4.24) diet. The trend for the feed conversion ratio was opposite to the PER. Along with the diet CHO:L ratios, the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of crude lipid and energy for the juvenile groupers decreased gradually, while the ADC of dry matter, liver and muscle glycogen level increased gradually. Total protein, triglycerides and cholesterol in serum were all maximized in the D4 diet and glucose in the D5 (CHO:L = 8.51) diet. Digestive enzyme activity in the intestine was significantly affected by dietary CHO:L ratio. Liver hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly as CHO:L ratio increased. Liver lysozyme and acid phosphatase activity in the groupers fed the D3 (CHO:L = 2.33) diet was significantly higher than that of other diets. Liver fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity reached a maximum value in the D4 diet and was significantly higher than that in the D1 diet. Taking the above results together, it can be concluded that an optimal dietary CHO:L ratio of 2.33 is suitable for grouper culture concerning growth performance and health.

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“…The significant change of PER and PR should be related to the decreased protein levels in the starch‐based diets because the starch‐based diets contain 420g/kg protein versus 540g/kg in the control diet. The control diet contained a very low level of carbohydrate with no added starch, and thus, dietary protein might be used to support other functions beside protein synthesis, such as oxidation for energy or generation of glucose through gluconeogenesis (Hemre & Deng, ). As a result, the lowest values of PER and PR were found in fish fed the control diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional quality of different starches in feed fed to juvenile yellow perch, Perca flavescens

et al. 2019

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This study determined whether accumulated liver and visceral lipid in yellow perch can be alleviated by feeding an appropriate starch source. We compared the growth performance, nutritional composition and health of yellow perch fed a control diet (no added starch) and three diets with corn, potato or wheat starch (200 g/kg diet) to replace an equal proportion of fishmeal in the control diet. Dietary starch led to increased bulk density, hardness and gelatinization levels of feed pellets compared with the control diet. At the end of an 8‐week feeding, all fish fed the test diets had similar growth rates (p > .05). However, the wheat starch diet resulted in significantly enlarged livers and increased accumulation of lipid in the liver, viscera and whole body (p < .05). This diet also caused significantly higher levels of fasting glucose, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in serum than the control diet. Liver cell diameters were larger, and Kupffer cell numbers were lower in the fish fed the wheat starch than those fed the control diet. Potato or corn starch had less impact on fish health and is considered to be an appropriate carbohydrate sources for yellow perch under the current testing conditions.

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Carbohydrates

Cited by 10 publications

References 85 publications

Dietary protein requirement for juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri

Dietary protein requirement for juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri

Effects of different dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios on growth, plasma biochemical indexes, digestive and immune enzymes activities of juvenile orange‐spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides

Nutritional quality of different starches in feed fed to juvenile yellow perch, Perca flavescens

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