Carbon Aerogels and Monoliths: Control of Porosity and Nanoarchitecture via Sol–Gel routes

Antonietti, Markus; Fechler, Nina; Fellinger, Tim‐Patrick

doi:10.1021/cm402239e

Cited by 216 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…17,66,75 The first report using imidazolium-or pyridinium-based ILs for a functional carbon synthesis was independently reported by two groups. 76,77 The use of IL-and PIL-based precursors has several benefits for nanostructured NdCs synthesis: (1) they easily wet surfaces of various materials thus, they can form homogenous films or coatings or enable the creation of nanohybrids; they are not volatile and are essentially position-stable until they are condensed towards higher entities, (3) they enable us to obtain not only N-doped carbons having different chemical structures but codoped carbons like N,S-doped or N,B-doped carbons by selection of ILs and PILs (Figure 9).…”

Section: Synthesis Of N-doped Carbons From Ionic Liquids and Poly(ionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon- and Nitrogen-Based Porous Solids: A Recently Emerging Class of Materials

Sakaushi

Antonietti

2014

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan

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118

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In this account, the emergence of a new family of porous solid-state materials based on carbon and nitrogen is discussed. This started with the observation that carbon nitride, a polymeric material with a composition close to C 3 N 4 , is not only unexpectedly thermally and chemically stable, but a semiconductor at the same time and able to catalyze a variety of chemical reactions, such as DielsAlder cyclizations, oxidations, and photochemical water splitting. Carbon nitride is however already sufficiently reviewed but related materials with similar potential have essentially been not sufficiently covered. The remaining structures are manifold and cover the range from on the one hand covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) as new semiconducting porous solid-state materials to the other porous nitrogen-doped carbons (NdCs) as catalysts which are known to be applicable in a variety of electrocatalytic reactions. CTFs are porous polymeric frameworks constituted of triazine rings and other aromatic rings. Chemical binding motifs and crystal structures can be used to control the band structure of such an (organic) solid-state material. Porous NdCs are usually made by adding nitrogen sources to classical carbonization recipes, and they are attracting a lot of interest because of their catalytic activity for electrochemical processes, such as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This account will summarize state-ofthe-art work on those systems being next-generation catalysts for different kinds of reactions, which are affordable and high-performance catalysts with unique principle for emergence of catalytic activities, combining theoretical and experimental studies together with basic and applied science in a range of scientific fields from chemistry to physics. Indeed, the first exploration of the above materials as candidates for components of fuel cells and rechargeable metalair batteries are discussed.

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Section: Synthesis Of N-doped Carbons From Ionic Liquids and Poly(ionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon- and Nitrogen-Based Porous Solids: A Recently Emerging Class of Materials

Sakaushi

Antonietti

2014

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan

Self Cite

118

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“…As a typical heteroatom, nitrogen (N) has become the most popular dopant to facilitate catalytic reactions of carbon-based composite cathodes because N has a larger electronegativity than carbon, a comparable atomic size to carbon, and five valence electrons for bonding with carbon atoms [23,24]. Specifically, N-doped carbon materials possess structural defects and can withdraw electrons from carbon atoms to enhance the conductivity of the carbon material and thus improve battery performance [25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: N-doped Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In their silica template assisted (Ludox HS40) carbonization method, ionic liquid (N-butyl-3-methylpyridinium dicyanamide) was used as the source of both N and C, and carbonization temperatures of 900 and 1000 °C were performed to prepare two samples: meso-NdC-900 and meso-NdC-1000 [29,31]. In the structural characterizations, the measured broad XRD patterns and TEM images revealed typical characteristics of highly porous materials with an average pore diameter of ca.…”

Section: N-doped Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Carbon-Composited Materials as Air-Electrode Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Metal–Air Batteries

Wang

Fang

Zhang

et al. 2018

Electrochem. Energ. Rev.

190

101

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Metal-air batteries (MABs), particularly rechargeable MABs, have gained renewed interests as a potential energy storage/conversion solution due to their high specific energy, low cost, and safety. The development of MABs has, however, been considerably hampered by its relatively low rate capability and its lack of efficient and stable air catalysts in which the former stems mainly from the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the latter stems from the corrosion/oxidation of carbon materials in the presence of oxygen and high electrode potentials. In this review, various carbon-composited bifunctional electrocatalysts are reviewed to summarize progresses in the enhancement of ORR/OER and durability induced by the synergistic effects between carbon and other component(s). Catalyst mechanisms of the reaction processes and associated performance enhancements as well as technical challenges hindering commercialization are also analyzed. To facilitate further research and development, several research directions for overcoming these challenges are also proposed.

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“…Conventional CAs have been covered in previous reviews, but a broad look at how the CA synthesis has evolved and expanded the aerogel landscape is lacking. [22][23][24][25][26] Therefore, this review seeks to provide the reader with a survey of the CA synthesis methods with a focus on novel carbon allotropes, graphene-inspired or 2D materials, and 3D printing, as well as some perspective with regard to the future outlook for aerogel synthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon aerogel evolution: Allotrope, graphene-inspired, and 3D-printed aerogels

et al. 2017

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Carbon aerogels (CAs) are a unique class of high surface area materials derived by sol-gel chemistry. Their high mass-specific surface area and electrical conductivity, environmental compatibility, and chemical inertness make them very promising materials for many applications, such as energy storage, catalysis, sorbents, and desalination. Since the first CAs were made via pyrolysis of resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF)-based organic aerogels in the late 1980s, the field has really grown. Recently, in addition to RF-derived amorphous CAs, several other carbon allotropes have been realized in aerogel form: carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, graphite, and diamond. Furthermore, the popularity of graphene aerogels has inspired research into aerogels made of a host of graphene analog materials (e.g., boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, etc.), with potential for an even wider array of applications. Finally, the development of threedimensional-printed aerogels provides the potential for CAs to have an even broader impact on energy-related technologies. Here, we will present recent work covering the novel synthesis of

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Carbon Aerogels and Monoliths: Control of Porosity and Nanoarchitecture via Sol–Gel routes

Cited by 216 publications

References 111 publications

Carbon- and Nitrogen-Based Porous Solids: A Recently Emerging Class of Materials

Carbon- and Nitrogen-Based Porous Solids: A Recently Emerging Class of Materials

A Review of Carbon-Composited Materials as Air-Electrode Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Metal–Air Batteries

Carbon aerogel evolution: Allotrope, graphene-inspired, and 3D-printed aerogels

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