Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNMs), including graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, and nanodiamonds, are poised to revolutionize sustainable environmental applications. Graphene's unparalleled mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal properties make it crucial for water purification and energy storage. CNTs, with their exceptional tensile strength, conductivity, and chemical stability, are vital in pollution control and energy conversion. Fullerenes, noted for their electronic properties and high reactivity, excel in environmental remediation. Nanodiamonds offer exceptional hardness, thermal conductivity, and biocompatibility, promising applications from soil remediation to biomedical engineering. However, challenges such as toxicity, cost, and scalability must be addressed. Future research should focus on overcoming these hurdles and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to fully harness CBNMs for sustainable solutions.