Carbon and stainless steel in solutions of lithium nitrate in ammonia at moderate temperatures

Heard, C.L.; Ayala, R.

doi:10.1002/maco.200390133

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Previous studies also report that an unspecified copper alloy is corroded in LNH while a stainless steel and a titanium alloy were not affected . For integration of LNH into a heat exchanger, it is of interest to examine interactions between this material and various metals and alloys which have some corrosion resistant properties . Furthermore, as various gaskets and o‐rings are potentially used in the construction of heat exchangers and could come into contact with the PCMs, it is also important to consider the compatibility of these materials with the salt hydrate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosive effect of lithium nitrate trihydrate on common heat exchanger materials

Emmons

Shamberger

2018

Materials & Corrosion

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Lithium nitrate trihydate (LNH) is a promising latent heat energy storage material with one of the largest specific and volumetric enthalpies of fusion of all near‐room temperature melting phase change materials. However, the understanding of corrosion rates and mechanisms of common metals and polymers in LNH, which is an extremely high salt content solution (wH2O < 0.50), remains relatively limited. Here, we report corrosion rates and mechanisms resulting from 6 months immersion corrosion studies on 9 common polymeric materials and 12 metallic alloys in molten LNH along with likasite, a common nucleation agent. Copper alloys were observed to corrode in liquid LNH, experiencing both uniform surface corrosion and localized pitting corrosion. Aluminum alloys experienced localized corrosion in liquid LNH, which was more severe in cases with likasite present, in which cases Cu dissolved from likasite enhanced corrosion pitting rates. Thus, in the absence of effective corrosion inhibitors, aluminum, and copper are not viable as heat exchanger materials for LNH.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosive effect of lithium nitrate trihydrate on common heat exchanger materials

Emmons

Shamberger

2018

Materials & Corrosion

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“…It has been shown that in water/lithium bromide absorption heat pump systems, corrosion can be a problem especially in the high‐temperature regions of the system and therefore, a careful choice of materials is needed . With common materials such as carbon and stainless steel, ammonia/lithium nitrate solutions have reasonably low corrosion rates at temperatures of up to 150°C …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41 With common materials such as carbon and stainless steel, ammonia/lithium nitrate solutions have reasonably low corrosion rates at temperatures of up to 150°C. 42…”

Section: Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-effect ammonia/lithium nitrate heat pump-transformer: A technology for process heat recycling

2018

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Summary The modeled operating characteristics of a single‐effect ammonia/lithium nitrate absorption heat pump‐transformer (type III absorption heat pump) are presented and compared to other working pair options and absorption heat pump cycles. Heat and mass balance equations are given. The effect of cycle operating parameters is shown on cycle thermal efficiency and solution pump power. It is shown that the ammonia/lithium nitrate working pair would achieve a performance a little less efficient than a water/lithium bromide system. Ratios of useful heat delivered to driving heat of nearly 2 are shown, with this system, to be achievable over a wide range of operating conditions. Ammonia/lithium nitrate has practical advantages over water lithium bromide in relation to corrosion, construction materials, and operating pressures. Both working mixtures have high viscosities in the absorbent/refrigerant solutions. However, an ammonia/lithium nitrate system has much higher available pressure drops for the economizer allowing the designer greater leeway in the use of enhanced heat exchange techniques. Costs and payback are commented upon.

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“…A study of the NH 3 /LiNO 3 mixture's corrosion on the carbon and stainless-steel materials was carried out by Heard and Ayala [53]. From the results, the authors verified that the three samples are suitable for the construction of an absorption heat pump, and an average corrosion rate of 0.05 mm per year was obtained.…”

Section: Nh 3 /(Lino 3 ) and Nh 3 /(Lino 3 + H 2 O) Solutionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…C; X1 = 0.36) Gensch [49] P (X1 = 0.24-0.42) Blytas et al [50] P (X1 = 0.4-0.6) Infante-Ferreira [22] Correlations-Density, equilibrium vapor pressure, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. Uchibayashi et al [51] µ (T = −50.45-34.85 • C; X1 > 0.3); ρ (T = −50.45-19.85 • C) Aggarwal and Agarwal [52] P (T = −25.15-155.85 • C; X1 > 0.7) Heard and Ayala [53] Corrosion (49.85-149.85 • C) Libotean et al [19,20] P, µ, ρ, Cp (T = 20-80 • C; X1 = 0.35-0.65) Cuenca et al [21] k (T = 30- Even with this binary mixture, the absorption chiller presents a limitation of lithium nitrate's viscosity, leading to low heat and mass transfer. It was observed that the addition of water in the absorbent (LiNO 3 ) increases heat and mass transfer, besides increasing the affinity of the refrigerant (NH 3 ) with the absorbent, which produces a positive effect on the performance of the absorption chiller [18][19][20].…”

Section: Nh 3 /(Lino 3 ) and Nh 3 /(Lino 3 + H 2 O) Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absorption Refrigeration Systems Based on Ammonia as Refrigerant Using Different Absorbents: Review and Applications

et al. 2020

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The interest in employing absorption refrigeration systems is usually related to electricity’s precariousness since these systems generally use thermal rejects for their activation. The application of these systems is closely linked to the concept of energy polygeneration, in which the energy demand to operate them is reduced, which represents their main advantage over the conventional vapor compression system. Currently, the solution pairs used in commercial absorption chillers are lithium bromide/water and ammonia/water. The latter pair has been used in air conditioning and industrial processes due to the ammonia operation’s low temperature. Few review papers on absorption chillers have been published, discussing the use of solar energy as the input source of the systems, the evolution of the absorption refrigeration cycles over the last decades, and promising alternatives to increase the performance of absorption refrigeration systems. There is a lack of consistent studies about designing requirements for absorption chillers, so an updated review covering recent advances and suggested solutions to improve the use and operation of those absorption refrigeration systems using different working fluids is relevant. Hence, this presents a review of the state-of-the-art of ammonia/absorbent based absorption refrigeration systems, considering the most relevant studies, describing the development of this equipment over the years. The most relevant studies in the open literature were collected to describe this equipment’s development over the years, including thermodynamic properties, commercial manufacturers, experimental and numerical studies, and the prototypes designed and tested in this area. The manuscript focuses on reviewing studies in absorption refrigeration systems that use ammonia and absorbents, such as water, lithium nitrate, and lithium nitrate plus water. As a horizon to the future, the uses of absorption systems should be rising due to the increasing values of the electricity, and the environmental impact of the synthetic refrigerant fluids used in mechanical refrigeration equipment. In this context, the idea for a new configuration absorption chiller is to be more efficient, pollutant free to the environment, activated by a heat substantiable source, such as solar, with low cost and compactness structure to attend the thermal needs (comfort thermal) for residences, private and public buildings, and even the industrial and health building sector (thermal processes). To conclude, future recommendations are presented to deal with the improvement of the refrigeration absorption chiller by using solar energy, alternative fluids, multiple-effects, and advanced and hybrid configurations to reach the best absorption chiller to attend to the thermal needs of the residential and industrial sector around the world.

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Carbon and stainless steel in solutions of lithium nitrate in ammonia at moderate temperatures

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Corrosive effect of lithium nitrate trihydrate on common heat exchanger materials

Corrosive effect of lithium nitrate trihydrate on common heat exchanger materials

Single-effect ammonia/lithium nitrate heat pump-transformer: A technology for process heat recycling

Absorption Refrigeration Systems Based on Ammonia as Refrigerant Using Different Absorbents: Review and Applications

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