Carbon based double layer capacitors with aprotic electrolyte solutions: the possible role of intercalation/insertion processes

Hahn, Matthias; Barbieri, O. De; Campana, F.P.; Kötz, R.; Gallay, R.

doi:10.1007/s00339-005-3403-1

Cited by 110 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The degradation is caused by two major factors: periodic dimensional changes caused by ion insertion/deinsertion and gas evolution caused by electrolyte or electrode decomposition [118]. Dimensional changes (e.g., swelling) can be induced by higher applied voltage in carbon materials [132] and have been attributed to the following: (i) an increase of the interlayer distance upon ion intercalation between adjacent basal planes [133], (ii) widening of the intralayer C-C bond length upon electron injection into the aromatic planes [134] and (iii) expansion due to a decrease in surface tension with increasing excess charge in the electrochemical double layer [135]. Periodic swelling and shrinking of the electrode material may lead to electrode disintegration and reduction in cycle life of the device.…”

Section: Impact Of Other Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Temperature on Supercapacitor Performance

Xiong

Kundu

Fisher

2015

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology

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Because of the negligible faradic reactions in double-layer capacitors, heat generated during charge/discharge processes derives mostly from Joule heating, which is determined by internal resistance (or equivalent series resistance, ESR). However, heat generated in pseudo-capacitors derives from both Joule heating and exothermic/ endothermic Faradic reactions. Thus, understanding how temperature affects capacitance and ESR is essential to predict supercapacitor performance under different operating conditions. The general techniques (e.g., CV, constant current-charge/ discharge and EIS) to evaluate capacitance and ESR have been discussed in Sect. 2.4.Many factors contribute to ESR in a supercapacitor: (i) interfacial resistance (contact resistance) between the electrode and the current collectors; (ii) electronic resistance of the electrode material; (iii) resistance of ions migrating through the electrode pores; (v) electrolyte resistance, and (vi) resistance of ions migrating through the separator [2,3]. Consequently, ESR depends on the active area and porosity of electrodes, ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, and physical properties of the separator (e.g., porosity, thickness and tortuosity). Notably, electrolyte resistance is only part of ESR. ESR depends on many factors (e.g., electrode structure, materials, electrolytes, fabrication and temperature). ESR is suggested to be inversely proportional to σ within certain ranges [4], but this relation can be violated. For instance, ESR is more dominated by the carbon electrode resistance and the interface resistance at the current collector than electrolyte resistance, as indicated by a much smaller activation energy of ACN-based supercapacitors than that of the electrolyte [5]. Capacitance is a function of surface area and volume of the electrodes, and ionic conductivity of electrolytes, which strongly depends on temperature variations.The operating temperature strongly influences the properties of electrolytes (e.g., viscosity, solubility of the salt in solvents, ionic conductivity, and thermal stability), leading to dramatic changes of capacitance and ESR, particularly at extreme temperatures (ultra-low and ultra-high temperatures). Consequently, the influence of

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Section: Impact Of Other Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Temperature on Supercapacitor Performance

Xiong

Kundu

Fisher

2015

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology

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“…However, if porosity is not sufficiently developed, saturation of pores by electrolyte ions limits the usable voltage and consequently the energy and power deliverable by a supercapacitor. Besides, taking into account that electrochemical intercalation is possible during charging [53,54], the structural parameters of carbons might also play some role.…”

Section: Limitation Of Capacitor Performance By Porosity Saturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors and Carbons for EDLCs

2013

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IntroductionAccumulators, electrochemical capacitors (ECs) (or supercapacitors), and capacitors are the three main electrochemical systems that can be used to store energy. As described in the so-called Ragone plot shown in Figure 4.1, each of these systems offers different characteristics in terms of specific power and energy. From a general point of view, accumulators, and more precisely Li-ion batteries, can store high energy densities (up to 180 Wh kg −1 for commercial products) with low-power densities (up to about 2 kW kg −1 ). Electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) can deliver very high-power density (15 kW kg −1 ) with lower stored energy (5 Wh kg −1 ) than that of batteries.EDLCs can be applied in the case of stationary and mobile systems requiring highpower pulses: car acceleration, tramways, cranes, forklifts, emergency systems, and so on. Moreover, owing to their low time constant, they can quickly harvest energy, for example, during deceleration or braking of vehicles.Although EDLCs are able to provide high power with a long cycle life compared to accumulators, they suffer from a relatively low energy density. Therefore, the main ongoing research direction concerns the optimization of the existing electrode materials and the development of new materials.Industrial EDLCs are essentially based on nanoporous carbon electrodes. The reasons for this choice lie in the high availability, low cost, chemical inertness, and good electrical conductivity of activated carbons (ACs), as well as a high versatility of texture and surface functionality. For these reasons, this chapter presents the capacitance properties of carbon-based electrodes, showing optimization strategies playing on the structure/nanotexture of the carbon and on the nature of the electrolyte.

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“…Structural reasons could essentially explain such a result: non-graphitizable carbon has good mechanical strength and has a low volume change in the phenomena charge-discharge, while the graphitizable carbon has a good capacitance density but a major expansion coefficient. The swelling suggests an insertion phenomenon, as claimed by Takeuchi et al [118] and as confirmed by Hahn et al [119,120]. Then, a mix of these two carbons allows to limit swelling and to obtain quite a high volumetric capacitance.…”

Section: Activated Carbon Precursor Impact On Performancementioning

confidence: 50%

Manufacturing of Industrial Supercapacitors

Azaïs¹

2013

Supercapacitors

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Carbon based double layer capacitors with aprotic electrolyte solutions: the possible role of intercalation/insertion processes

Cited by 110 publications

References 24 publications

Influence of Temperature on Supercapacitor Performance

Influence of Temperature on Supercapacitor Performance

Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors and Carbons for EDLCs

Manufacturing of Industrial Supercapacitors

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