Carbon-Based Fluorescent Nano-Biosensors for the Detection of Cell-Free Circulating MicroRNAs

Abstract

Currently, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have emerged as potential risks for humans due to adopting a sedentary lifestyle and inaccurate diagnoses. The early detection of NCDs using point-of-care technologies significantly decreases the burden and will be poised to transform clinical intervention and healthcare provision. An imbalance in the levels of circulating cell-free microRNAs (ccf-miRNA) has manifested in NCDs, which are passively released into the bloodstream or actively produced from cells, improving the efficacy of disease screening and providing enormous sensing potential. The effective sensing of ccf-miRNA continues to be a significant technical challenge, even though sophisticated equipment is needed to analyze readouts and expression patterns. Nanomaterials have come to light as a potential solution as they provide significant advantages over other widely used diagnostic techniques to measure miRNAs. Particularly, CNDs-based fluorescence nano-biosensors are of great interest. Owing to the excellent fluorescence characteristics of CNDs, developing such sensors for ccf-microRNAs has been much more accessible. Here, we have critically examined recent advancements in fluorescence-based CNDs biosensors, including tools and techniques used for manufacturing these biosensors. Green synthesis methods for scaling up high-quality, fluorescent CNDs from a natural source are discussed. The various surface modifications that help attach biomolecules to CNDs utilizing covalent conjugation techniques for multiple applications, including self-assembly, sensing, and imaging, are analyzed. The current review will be of particular interest to researchers interested in fluorescence-based biosensors, materials chemistry, nanomedicine, and related fields, as we focus on CNDs-based nano-biosensors for ccf-miRNAs detection applications in the medical field.

Solid Phase Oligo-DNA Extraction from Complex Medium Using an Aminated Graphene/Nitrocellulose Membrane Hybrid

“…Among the well-known graphene derivatives like pristine graphene, GO, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene nanoplatelets, and graphane, there is another derivative called amino-polyethylene glycol functionalized reduced graphene oxide (NH 2 -PEG-rGO) with great promise in biomedical applications [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. NH 2 -PEG-rGO serves as support material for DNA immobilization in various approaches, such as field effect transistors (FET) [ 19 , 20 ], electrochemical [ 21 , 22 ], and fluorescent-based biosensors [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Among these options, fluorescent biosensors have captured the attention of researchers due to their distinctive characteristics, which encompass selectivity, sensitivity, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and rapid response [ 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Carbon Dots for Future Prospects: Synthesis, Characterizations and Recent Applications: A Review (2019–2023)

“…The difficulties and potential of these nanomaterials are reviewed, with a focus on how carbon dots can be used to improve the efficiency of photovoltaics and white LED. Advancements in materials chemistry have significantly impacted human lifestyles, with carbon dots emerging as a promising carbon-based nanomaterial [33][34][35]. However, their structural diversity and incomplete field require further research.…”

“…However, their structural diversity and incomplete field require further research. The review examines the chemistry, history of beginning, classification, design fundamentals, applications, and bright futures of carbon dot-based materials [35]. One of the hottest issues right now in the area of nanomaterials is carbon dots (CDs).…”

Design and Fabrication of a Nanobiosensor for the Detection of Cell-Free Circulating miRNAS-LncRNAS-mRNAS Triad Grid

“…These optical sensors are equipped with different light-yielding materials, such as nanomaterials, antibodies, and probes. One of the widely accepted nanomaterials used for optical sensing is quantum dots (QDs). , …”

“…One of the widely accepted nanomaterials used for optical sensing is quantum dots (QDs). 13,14 Compared with other metallic NPs, QDs have enhanced biocompatibility, stable fluorescence characteristics, and limited toxicity, making them preferred moieties for a number of biological applications. In addition, they possess outstanding optoelectric excitation-dependent fluorescent emission, sizetunable optical properties, and photoinduced electron transfer and minimal or no spectral overlap.…”