Carbon‐Based Metal‐Free Catalysts for Key Reactions Involved in Energy Conversion and Storage

Zhao, Shenlong; Wang, Dawei; Amal, Rose; Dai, Liming

doi:10.1002/adma.201801526

Cited by 309 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 180 publications

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“…According to the morphology, carbon materials can be classified as a carbon fiber (Cf), carbon sphere (Cs), CNTs, mesoporous carbon, graphene, etc. In addition, various carbon materials have been used in the fields of energy conversion and storage, electrocatalysis, medicine, delivery vehicles, and wastewater treatment, according to the specific features of each kind of carbon material . As pointed out in the introduction section, several kinds of carbon materials have been used as the CE in DSC.…”

Section: Carbon Counter Electrode In the Dye‐sensitized Solar Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Counter Electrodes in Dye‐Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells

Sun

Zhou

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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Developing highly effective and stable counter electrode (CE) materials to replace rare and expensive noble metals for dye‐sensitized and perovskite solar cells (DSC and PSC) is a research hotspot. Carbon materials are identified as the most qualified noble metal‐free CEs for the commercialization of the two photovoltaic devices due to their merits of low cost, excellent activity, and superior stability. Herein, carbonaceous CE materials are reviewed extensively with respect to the two devices. For DSC, a classified discussion according to the morphology is presented because electrode properties are closely related to the specific porosity or nanostructure of carbon materials. The pivotal factors influencing the catalytic behavior of carbon CEs are also discussed. For PSC, an overview of the new carbon CE materials is addressed comprehensively. Moreover, the modification techniques to improve the interfacial contact between the perovskite and carbon layers, aiming to enhance the photovoltaic performance, are also demonstrated. Finally, the development directions, main challenges, and coping approaches with respect to the carbon CE in DSC and PSC are stated.

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Section: Carbon Counter Electrode In the Dye‐sensitized Solar Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Counter Electrodes in Dye‐Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells

Sun

Zhou

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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“…The overall electrocatalytic system serves as the media for nitrogen dissolution and transport to the electrocatalyst surfaces, as a proton source for dinitrogen hydrogenation, and a key factor for modulation of electrocatalytic activity. Therefore, electrocatalysts in conjunction with a matching electrocatalytic system may markedly lower the activation energy of the NN triple bond, which is the most critical step in electrochemical ammonia synthesis

N_{2} + 3 H_{2} \to 2 {NH}_{3}, {normalΔ}_{f} H_{0} = - 45.9 kJ {mol}^{- 1}

…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic Modulation, Structural Design, and Systematic Optimization for Efficient Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction

et al. 2020

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Ammonia (NH3) is a pivotal precursor in fertilizer production and a potential energy carrier. Currently, ammonia production worldwide relies on the traditional Haber–Bosch process, which consumes massive energy and has a large carbon footprint. Recently, electrochemical dinitrogen reduction to ammonia under ambient conditions has attracted considerable interest owing to its advantages of flexibility and environmental friendliness. However, the biggest challenge in dinitrogen electroreduction, i.e., the low efficiency and selectivity caused by poor specificity of electrocatalysts/electrolytic systems, still needs to be overcome. Although substantial progress has been made in recent years, acquiring most available electrocatalysts still relies on low efficiency trial‐and‐error methods. It is thus imperative to establish some critical guiding principles for nitrogen electroreduction toward a rational design and accelerated development of this field. Herein, a basic understanding of dinitrogen electroreduction processes and the inherent relationships between adsorbates and catalysts from fundamental theory are described, followed by an outline of the crucial principles for designing efficient electrocatalysts/electrocatalytic systems derived from a systematic evaluation of the latest significant achievements. Finally, the future research directions and prospects of this field are given, with a special emphasis on the opportunities available by following the guiding principles.

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“…cover the most recent developments concerning heteroatom‐doped carbons as catalysts for energy‐related applications, such as fuel cells, batteries, hydrogen storage or supercapacitor. Very recently, Dai et al . also reported a brief overview of carbon‐based metal‐free catalysts for key reactions involved in renewable energy conversion and storage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heteroatom‐Enhanced Metal‐Free Catalytic Performance of Carbocatalysts for Organic Transformations

Shang

Gao

2019

ChemCatChem

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The exploitation and design of metal‐free catalysts for chemical transformation is always a fascinating theme from the prospective of fundamental and applied research. In addition to their distinct advantages such as lower cost, higher biocompatibility and reliability and thus higher sustainability, metal‐free materials often unexpectedly render different reaction pathway or mechanism from conventional metal catalysts. As a consequence, metal‐free catalysts have revolutionized and expanded the platform of catalysis. Among them, carbons are a typical class of nonmetallic materials. To date, a series of elements (e. g., B, N, P or S) as heteroatom dopants have equipped pristine carbons with enhanced performance and even new chemical functionality. It was proposed to attribute to modulated electrical properties and surface physicochemical features originated from structural distortions and changes of charge densities. In this minireview, we overviewed the catalytic application of heteroatom‐doped carbocatalysts in oxidation, oxidative coupling, reduction and hydrogenation reactions with special emphasis on the role of heteroatoms and consequently enhanced performance. This minireview highlights the structure‐activity correlations, thereby directing the rational design of advanced metal‐free catalysts for organic synthesis. Some controversies about active sites and challenges in catalyst design are also discussed here.

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Carbon‐Based Metal‐Free Catalysts for Key Reactions Involved in Energy Conversion and Storage

Cited by 309 publications

References 180 publications

Carbon Counter Electrodes in Dye‐Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells

Carbon Counter Electrodes in Dye‐Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells

Atomic Modulation, Structural Design, and Systematic Optimization for Efficient Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction

Heteroatom‐Enhanced Metal‐Free Catalytic Performance of Carbocatalysts for Organic Transformations

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