Carbon‐based Nanosensors for Salicylate Determination in Pharmaceutical Preparations

Abstract

Thiourea derivative‐based carbon paste electrode (TUD1‐CPE) was constructed as a potentiometric sensor for the determination of salicylate anion in pharmaceutical formulations, Aspocid® and Aspirin®. The optimized CPE contained 45.5 % graphite, 0.5 % reduced graphene oxide (rGO), 46.0 % nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) plasticizer, 5.0 % TUD1 ionophore, and 3.0 % tridodecylmethyl ammonium chloride as additive. The incorporation of NPOE of high dielectric constant, and rGO in electrode caused better performance of the sensor; Nernstian response of 59.0 mV decade−1 in the concentration range of 10−1–10−5 mole L−1, a detection limit of 1×10−5 mole L−1 in a very short response time of 6 seconds. The prepared sensor showed high selectivity against similar anions (i. e. ClO4- , benzoate, I−, SCN−). Selectivity was confirmed by calculating the formation constant (Kβ) using sandwich membrane method, where Kβ for TUD1‐salicylate is 100.43. Theoretical calculations at DFT‐B3LY/6‐31G** level of theory were performed to find interaction mechanism, Energies of HOMO and LUMO orbitals, non‐linear optical (NLO) properties (the electronic dipole moment (μ), first‐order hyperpolarizability (β), the hyper‐Rayleigh scattering (βHRS) and the depolarization ratio (DR)), and other global properties; these calculations showed lower values of β and DR, higher value of βHRS, and the shortest lengths of the four N−H bonds between TUD1 and salicylate which confirm their strong complexation and salicylate‐selectivity. Also, all the studied anion‐TUD1 exhibited relatively high NLO properties, and these results were considered as a preliminary study for investigating new types of NLO bearing materials. The sensors were applied successfully for the determination of salicylate anion in Aspocid® and Aspirin®.

Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor-Based Fe2O3@MWCNTs for Ivabradine Drug Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulation, Serum, and Urine Samples

“…The matched potential method (MPM) ( Abdel Ghani et al, 2016 ; Abdel-Haleem et al, 2019 ) was also used for the determination of potentiometric selectivity coefficients of carbon paste electrodes using Eq. 4:…”

“…A PVC membrane was prepared by using TPPB as an ion exchanger and TCP as a plasticizer (membrane I), Table 1 . Another membrane was prepared using the same previous components and either MIP3 or NIP3 (membrane II) of total graphite of weight 0.3 g dispersed in 2 mL of THF and air-dried for 24 h. Sandwich membranes were fabricated by pressing the two individual membranes (membrane I) and (membrane II) over each other ( Abdel-Haleem et al, 2019 ) before being glued to the end of the PVC tubes using a PVC/THF mixture; the resulting combined membrane was then allowed to air-dry for 10 min. An IVR solution (10 –4 M) was used as filling and 24-h soaking solutions before the first solution.…”

“…To date, electrochemical biosensors are widely used to detect and monitor various drugs, antibodies, enzymes, receptors, peptides, lectins, proteins, and biomarkers in the different biological fluids (blood, serum, urine, saliva, tissue) ( Labib et al, 2016 ; Rasouli et al, 2019 ). These sensors are analyte-selective and can transform analyte concentration into different analytical detection signals ( Abdel-Haleem et al, 2018 , 2019 ) as voltage, current, or conductance ( Labib et al, 2016 ). Modification of the electrode’s composition and surface characteristics can extensively improve its performance and lifetime ( Yu et al, 2012 ; Bai and Zhou, 2014 ; Haichao et al, 2018 ).…”

Atomic layer deposition of Pd nanoparticles on self-supported carbon-Ni/NiO-Pd nanofiber electrodes for electrochemical hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions

“…Recently, CNMs have been used to improve the electrocatalytic activity and enhance the chemical stability of transition-metal nanoparticles (NPs) for electrochemical water splitting [18,19]. Indeed, the encapsulation of transition-metal NPs with carbon paste [20,21], carbon nanotubes [22], carbon nanofibers (CNFs) [23], or graphene [24,25], significantly enhances their chemical stability and leads to higher electrochemical activity for OER, HER, and oxygen reduction reactions [26][27][28]. The interpenetrating network formed by CNFs provides numerous active sites, high electrical conductivity, mechanical stability, and allows the electrolyte high diffusion [29].…”

Electrochemical Selective Determination of Uranyl Ions Using PVC Membrane Sensor

“…ISE response mechanism can be predicted from the effect of lipophilic additive type, where membrane electrodes based on neutral carriers get improved slope and selectivity by adding sites with a charge opposite to that of the primary ion [41]. In this study, the effect of addition of KTpClPB and TDMACl as anionic and cationic lipophilic additives on the electrodes response characteristics was investigated.…”