Carbon‐based nonprecious metal electrocatalysts derived fromMOFsfor oxygen‐reduction reaction

Abstract

Summary Oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) is the most critical factor in energy conversion technologies such as fuel cells. Barriers such as the high cost of Pt and its scarce reservoirs worldwide limit the use of the most advanced Pt‐based catalysts for the ORR reaction. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable attention for the production of carbon‐based nonprecious metal electrocatalysts (NPMC) due to their cost‐effective properties and adjustment of MOF as precursors. The new insight of this review article is focused on clarification of synthesis‐structure‐activity correlations of the presented ORR electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications. Classification of different MOF precursors and their final desirable electrocatalysts after the pyrolysis process are discussed. ORR performance (activity and stability) and their fuel cell performances are investigated for different MOF‐derived materials like monometallic, bimetallic composites, and even single‐atom electrocatalysts. Eventually, readers find a deeper understanding and inspiration of the emerging field of nonprecious MOF‐derived catalysts.

Preparation of a High-Performance Fe–N–C Electrocatalyst from an MOF Precursor for ORR Toward Zinc–Air Batteries

“…These materials consist of organic ligands in which metal centers link into networks of the complex as interconnected structures. Various choices in ligands and metals (flexible structure), structural order, and high porosity can lead to considering MOFs as a highly suitable precursor in the M–N–C electrocatalyst preparation with high-density and homogeneous active sites. , The targeted organic ligand in MOF precursors creates a carbon skeleton and heteroatom doping in the obtained M–N–C electrocatalyst that, after the pyrolysis process, can provide a high graphitized structure, proper electrical conductivity, and homogeneous active sites. The pore size and porosity of the M–N–C electrocatalyst, inherited from the 3D porous MOF precursors, facilitate oxygen transfer to the active sites. , These advantages are other factors that have made MOFs an attractive precursor to prepare M–N–C electrocatalysis.…”

Boosting the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Zn–Air Batteries via a Uniform Trace N-Doped Carbon-Based Pore Structure

“…Many efforts have been made to develop high-performance platinum or low-performance platinum ORR and OER catalysts, particularly using Pt-like elements with similar and enhanced properties. − However, the development of precious metals is greatly limited by their high cost and poor bifunctional activity and stability. Compared with traditional metal-based catalysts, − heteroatom-doped carbon materials are considered to be one of the most promising candidate materials due to their competitive catalytic activity, environmental acceptability, and lower cost. ,, As a relatively rich element in nature, carbon has attracted significant attention because of its excellent stability, electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and environmental friendliness. Commonly used carbon-based catalytic materials can be mainly divided and classified into the following categories: graphene, carbon nanotubes, biomass carbon carriers, covalent organic frameworks, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) …”

“…Compared with traditional metal-based catalysts, 11−13 heteroatom-doped carbon materials are considered to be one of the most promising candidate materials due to their competitive catalytic activity, environmental acceptability, and lower cost. 7,12,14 As a relatively rich element in nature, carbon has attracted significant attention because of its excellent stability, electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and environmental friendliness. Commonly used carbon-based catalytic materials can be mainly divided and classified into the following categories: graphene, 15 carbon nanotubes, 16 biomass carbon carriers, 17 covalent organic frameworks, 18 and metal−organic frameworks (MOFs).…”

Design of cobalt‐iron complex sulfides grown on nickel foam modified by reduced graphene oxide as a highly effect bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting

“…14,15 However, it is subjected to limitations with widely applicating for precious metal electrocatalysts due to their scarce storage and high price. 16,17 From this, the manufacture of low-cost and abundant in crust catalysts to replace commercial Pt/C for HER and RuO 2 /IrO 2 for OER has become one of research hotspots.…”

“…At present, the most advanced electrocatalysts in the field of total hydrolysis are still precious‐metal‐based catalysts, for example commercial Pt/C electrode for HER while Ru/Ir oxides electrode for OER 14,15 . However, it is subjected to limitations with widely applicating for precious metal electrocatalysts due to their scarce storage and high price 16,17 . From this, the manufacture of low‐cost and abundant in crust catalysts to replace commercial Pt/C for HER and RuO 2 /IrO 2 for OER has become one of research hotspots.…”