Carbon Black for Electrically Conductive Polymer Applications

Spahr, Michael E.; Gilardi, Raffaele; Bonacchi, Daniele

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28117-9_32

Cited by 36 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The voltage was applied through a terminal, and the potential at the end of the opposite electrode was grounded at V = 0. The thermal conductivity of the f‐BN [ 57 ] was approximated using data extracted using WebPlotDigitize from a classic study on the temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity of hexagonal boron nitride, and corrections for packing density along with the thermal conductivity of the electrically conductive carbon additive [ 58 ] were performed using a weighted average. The temperature‐dependent heat capacity was approximated using a Reshetnikov's equation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turbostratic Boron–Carbon–Nitrogen and Boron Nitride by Flash Joule Heating

Chen

et al. 2022

Advanced Materials

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Turbostratic layers in 2D materials have an interlayer misalignment. The lack of alignment expands the intrinsic interlayer distances and weakens the optical and electronic interactions between adjacent layers. This introduces properties distinct from those structures with well‐aligned lattices and strong coupling interactions. However, direct and rapid synthesis of turbostratic materials remains a challenge owing to their thermodynamically metastable properties. Here, a flash Joule heating (FJH) method to achieve bulk synthesis of boron–carbon–nitrogen ternary compounds with turbostratic structures by a kinetically controlled ultrafast cooling process that takes place within milliseconds (103 to 104 K s−1) is reported. Theoretical calculations support the existence of turbostratic structures and provide estimates of the energy barriers with respect to conversion into the corresponding well‐aligned counterparts. When using non‐carbon conductive additives, a direct synthesis of boron nitride is possible. The turbostratic nature facilitates mechanical exfoliation and more stable dispersions. Accordingly, the addition of flash products to a poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite film coating a copper surface greatly improves the copper's resistance to corrosion in 0.5 m sulfuric acid or 3.5 wt% saline solution. FJH allows the use of bulk materials as reactants and provides a rapid approach to large quantities of the hitherto hard‐to‐access turbostratic materials.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turbostratic Boron–Carbon–Nitrogen and Boron Nitride by Flash Joule Heating

Chen

et al. 2022

Advanced Materials

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“…Response materials activated by biochemical signals play an increasingly important role in the detection of the analytes in the sensors ( Spahr et al, 2017 ). The DNA response hydrogel is particularly suitable for binding with naturally occurring extracellular DNA or synthetic DNA structures ( Iqbal et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Biosensing Technology Based On Crispr-cas12amentioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR/Cas12a-based technology: A powerful tool for biosensing in food safety

Mao

Chen

Wang

et al. 2022

Trends in Food Science & Technology

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“…Conductivity Smearing Other CG [9,10] 0.9 S m À1 [32] Yes Difficult to pattern with high resolution Oil in CG may lead to premature breakdown CB [9] 1 À 1 Â 10 3 S m À1 [33] Yes Cannot withstand large actuation CB -PDMS [11] 4.39 S m À1 [34] No Difficulty in adhering electrodes to dielectric Metallic thin films [14] 4 Â 10 7 À 6 Â 10 7 S m À1 (conductivity of most metals)…”

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dielectric Elastomer Actuators with Biphasic Ag–EGaIn Electrodes

2021

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Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are popular in soft robotics, [1,2] millirobotics, [3] microfluidics, [4] and haptics [5] due to their low current consumption, [6] high actuation strains, [7] fast response times, [8] and intrinsically high mechanical compliance that arises from their soft material architecture.DEAs are based on a relatively simple capacitor-like stacked multilayer structure in which a dielectric elastomer film is coated with thin layers of soft conductive material. [6] The compliance, material integrity, and conductivity of these surface electrodes strongly influence the performance of DEAs. In particular, these electrodes should be highly stretchable and have a low stiffness to minimize mechanical resistance to elastic deformation and work output induced by electromechanical coupling. Carbon grease (CG) is commonly used as an electrode material because it is soft, stretchable, and can be easily deposited as a thin coating. CG is a paste-like mixture of carbon black (CB) particles and silicon oil that does not dry out and has minimal resistance to high strain actuation. However, because it is a fluid, CG electrodes can be difficult to pattern with high resolution, and they easily smear and create smudge marks on contacting objects during actuation, rendering the DEA unusable. [9] Studies reported in the literature also suggest that the oil in the grease may penetrate the dielectric membrane, leading to premature electrical breakdown. [10] CB powder can be deposited directly on the dielectric film and can be used on its own as the electrode. However, in the absence of a binder medium or carrier fluid, the carbon powder can redistribute over the course of repeated actuation cycles, resulting in regions with insufficient conductivity to transfer charge or induce electromechanical coupling, resulting in lower strains. [9] As with CG, CB electrodes are also susceptible to smearing. To address this, soft elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are often used as a binder medium to disperse CB. [11] However, these particle-filled conductive elastomers suffer from unstable electromechanical properties over time, [12,13] i.e., they become less conductive and require a long time to recover the original conductivity. In addition, their stiffness contributes to greater resistance to actuation and mechanical work output. [11] Metallic thin films have also been proposed as a solution for the creation of DEA electrodes. [14] Although metallic films are highly conductive and do not smear, they are too stiff, having a negative impact on the actuation performance of the actuator. Also, ionically conductive hydrogels enabled the creation of fully transparent compliant electrodes, [15,16] yet, at such high voltages (kV), electrolysis occurs. [17] Recently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were presented as an alternative for fabricating ultrathin, highly conductive DEA electrodes that add no stiffness to the dielectric and can easily be integrated with multilayer actuators. [3,18,19] Yet, the early onset of diele...

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Carbon Black for Electrically Conductive Polymer Applications

Cited by 36 publications

References 11 publications

Turbostratic Boron–Carbon–Nitrogen and Boron Nitride by Flash Joule Heating

Turbostratic Boron–Carbon–Nitrogen and Boron Nitride by Flash Joule Heating

CRISPR/Cas12a-based technology: A powerful tool for biosensing in food safety

Dielectric Elastomer Actuators with Biphasic Ag–EGaIn Electrodes

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