Carbon-chain polymers ‘grafting from’ inorganic nanoparticles

Abstract

'Grafting from' methods can achieve higher percentages of grafting than 'grafting to' methods in the preparation of carbon-chain polymer grafted inorganic nanoparticles (CCP-INs). 'Grafting from' methods -such as one-pot method, macro-monomer, macro chain transfer agent, macro-initiator, and macro-iniferter methods, used for the preparation of CCP-INs in our laboratory in the recent years -are reviewed and the grafting parameters are compared. Characterization of the CCP-INs is also described.

Tunable Hydrophilic or Amphiphilic Coatings: A “Reactive Layer Stack” Approach

“…1−4 Grafting from methods (Figure 1A) involve the covalent attachment of an initiating group followed by chain polymerization of suitable monomers. 5,6 Separately synthesized end-functionalized polymers can be attached to the surface by various grafting to methods (Figure 1B). Common approaches include the reaction of a terminally functionalized polymer that has native functional groups of the substrate surface with reactive groups of a monolayer or with functional groups of a primary polymer layer.…”

“…One versatile possibility to control surface properties purposefully and sustainably is to link polymers or block copolymers stably and permanently to surfaces. For a covalent linking mainly the “grafting from” and “grafting to” strategies are used. − Grafting from methods (Figure A) involve the covalent attachment of an initiating group followed by chain polymerization of suitable monomers. , Separately synthesized end-functionalized polymers can be attached to the surface by various grafting to methods (Figure B). Common approaches include the reaction of a terminally functionalized polymer that has native functional groups of the substrate surface with reactive groups of a monolayer or with functional groups of a primary polymer layer. , For the primary polymer layer approach a thin polymer (mono-) layer is applied, which serves both as initial surface layer and as reactive anchoring layer.…”

Surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization from polyethersulfone membranes and their use in antifouling

“…With the progress in polymerization methods, it is possible to prepare well defined graft polymer chains on various substrate surfaces, such as silicon, SiO 2 , gold, and polymers by many controlled polymerization methods [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Among the major chemical modification methods, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been successfully used to prepare well-defined polymer brushes on various surfaces [21][22][23][24][25].…”

Preparation of Well-Defined Star Polymer from Hyperbranched Macroinitiator Based Attapulgite by Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Technique

“…The surface functionalizations of nanomaterials by grafting of polymer are expected to play important roles in the designing of novel organic/inorganic nanocomposite materials. The grafting of polymer onto nanosurfaces by “grafting from” and “grafting onto” methods has been widely investigated. − The grafting of polymer onto inorganic particles, such as silica, clay, carbon black, and ferrite, is an effective means to improve surface properties because the surface grafted polymer chain can interfere with the aggregation of these particles and increase their surface affinity for organic solvents and polymer matrixes…”

“…The grafting of polymer onto nanosurfaces by "grafting from" and "grafting onto" methods has been widely investigated. [1][2][3][4] The grafting of polymer onto inorganic particles, such as silica, clay, carbon black, and ferrite, is an effective means to improve surface properties because the surface grafted polymer chain can interfere with the aggregation of these particles and increase their surface affinity for organic solvents and polymer matrixes. 5 Linear, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] hyperbranched, or dendrimer-like polymers 20-23 have been successfully grafted onto various nanosurfaces.…”