Carbon dioxide anion radical as a tool to enhance lignin valorization

Abstract

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Beyond Artificial Photosynthesis: Prospects on Photobiorefinery

“…Therefore, strategies to increase activity and selectivity while simultaneously prevent complete mineralization have been developed. For example, recently Mazarji et al . proposed that .…”

“…Therefore, strategies to increase activity and selectivity while simultaneously prevent complete mineralization have been developed. For example, recently Mazarji et al [71] proposed that * CO 2 À could have more advantages, as * CO 2 À is a strong one-electron oxidant that plays better roles in electron transfer and hydrogen abstraction mechanisms compared to * O 2 À and more controllable than * OH (Figure 3a). With the addition of formic acid in the photocatalytic oxidation of lignin by TiO 2 in aqueous solution, * CO 2 À could be successfully generated, and oxidative cleavage of βÀ OÀ 4 of lignin occurs in more selective manner, resulting in an impressive yield of phenolic compounds as discussed in Entry 30.…”

“…HMF is a potential platform molecule for producing a wide variety of industrially important chemicals. [77] There are several reports demonstrating that photocatalysts can efficiently oxidize aldehyde and alcohol functional groups of HMF ( Figure 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 [71] ChemCatChem Minireviews doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201901856 polymorphs of TiO 2 (anatase, rutile, and brookite) on the selective oxidation of HMF in aqueous medium. [78] It was found that TiO 2 can successfully oxidize HMF to 2,5-furandicarboxaldahyde (FDC), but the selectivity is quite low (~10-25 %).…”

“…b) photocatalytic degradation of cellulose in the presence of ZnCl 2 , leading to an increase in 5-HMF product. (Reprinted with slight modification with the permission of Ref [71]. and Ref [53],.…”

Carbon Dioxide Anion Radicals Assisted Highly Efficient Photocatalytic H2O2 Production over Bi(C2O4)OH

“…Therefore, we hope to introduce CO 2 •– as an intermediate to boost the ORR by a subtle system design. CO 2 •– is a kind of strong reducing species possessing single-electron transfer capability, so it exhibits much potential in organic synthesis and pollutant degradation. , However, just because the very negative reduction potential (CO 2 + e – → CO 2 •– , E 0 = −1.9 V vs NHE), the direct reduction of CO 2 to produce CO 2 •– via photocatalysis or electrocatalysis is quite difficult and demands a great deal of energy input; by contrast, activating small molecule carboxylic acids is more feasible . The principal methods include the direct photolysis method, , persulfate activation method, Fe 3+ complexes photolysis method, and semiconductor photocatalytic activation method .…”