Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Dynamic Panel Analysis of Energy Intensive Industries in Egypt

Abstract

Most energy intensive industries are high carbon dioxide (CO2) emitters. As CO2 emissions show large discrepancies between regions, it is important to test for spatial dependence when estimating emissions. The present study thus examines spatial dependence of CO2 emissions for the twenty-seven governorates of Egypt over the period 2007-2016. Determinants of CO2 emissions include road network density, investments in fixed assets, the structure of economic activity, the share of females, and the various levels of education in the regions’ respective population. Incorporating the spatial dimension, as well as using female and educational levels amongst the determinants, are contributions to research done on CO2 emissions in Egypt. Estimation results indicate that CO2 emissions across governorates are spatially-random rather than spatially-dependent. The study therefore uses a generalized method of moments (GMM) dynamic panel model. The lag of CO2 emissions per capita, net fixed capital formation, share of illiterates in the working age population, and the share of services in economic activity are significant and have positive effects (increasing emissions). The share of females in working age population, and the share of agriculture in economic activity are significant and have negative effects (diminishing emissions). Policy implications based on the study results are given.

Modeling and Estimation of CO2 Emissions in China Based on Artificial Intelligence

“…ese data are all calculated by (14). Scenario (a) is based on the growth rate calculated in 2017 as the compound annual growth rate.…”

“…Mujtaba et al [ 13 ] examined the correlation between economic growth, energy consumption, population, trade openness, and CO 2 emissions. By using the generalized method of moments (GMM) dynamic panel model, Al-Ayouty et al [ 14 ] found a positive correlation between population and CO 2 emissions. Aller et al [ 15 ] comprehensively analyzed the factors associated with CO 2 emissions using Bayesian model.…”

Studying the relationship between women and the environment in developing countries

“…In addition, Arcury and Chriatianson (1993) and Blocker and Eckberg (1997) indicated the presence of insignificant difference between men and women with respect to environmental proactive behaviour. More up-to-date research as that conducted by Sundström and McCright (2014); Xiao and McCright (2015), Brough et al (2016) and Al Ayouty et al (2021) showed that women are more environmentally aware.…”

“…In addition, Arcury and Chriatianson (1993) and Blocker and Eckberg (1997) indicated the presence of insignificant difference between men and women with respect to environmental proactive behaviour. More up-to-date research as that conducted by Sundström and McCright (2014); Xiao and McCright (2015), Brough et al (2016) and Al Ayouty et al (2021) showed that women are more environmentally aware. Moving in line with this but from a different perspective, Fredriksson and Wang (2011) and Fraune (2016) have shown in their research work on the US congress that congress women prefer stringent environmental laws than men.…”

“…This is evident from the review of previous research work as most of them focused on examining this relationship in developed countries. For instance, among the reviewed papers, only Bedri and Osama (1992), Xiao and Hong (2010), Gu et al (2020) and Al Ayouty et al (2021) studied this relationship in developing countries, particularly in Sudan, China and Egypt. Clougherty (2010) studied this relationship in developed and developing countries.…”