Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Marine Invertebrates: A Survey of Major Phyla

Hammen, Carl S.; Osborne, Paul J.

doi:10.1126/science.130.3386.1409

Cited by 53 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Animals obtain much of their carbon, as well as nitrogen, from plants, although some forms are also able to fix carbon directly from salts dissolved in water (Hammen and Osborne 1959). In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide obtained from the air and from dissolved bicarbonates in the substratum is combined with water to form carbohydrates, a portion of which may be converted to fats.…”

Section: Carbon Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Ecology

Kendeigh¹

1961

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Aide Leopold, wildlife manager. BackgroundConcentration of studies not on the rare but on the most abundant and influential organisms in the community. Measurement and evaluation of physical factors in the actual microhabitat occupied by organisms. Correlation of findings of experimental studies of organisms in the laboratory with observations of those organisms in the field. Use of quantitative-not just qualitative-techniques in field studies as well as laboratory studies. A study of organisms in the field may bring to light problems which will be most expediently worked out in the laboratory ; but field and laboratory investi-Iictuiin;/ till' beauty oj its on/anicatiou is perhaps better in proportion ( Mac lady en 1957: 246). RKLATION TO OTHER SCIENCESEcology is one of tlie three main divisions of biology : the other two being morphology and physiology. The emphasis in morphology is on understanding the structure of organisms ; in physiology, on how they function : and in ecology, on their adjustments to the environment. These divisions overlap broadly. To appreciate fully the structure of an organ, one needs to know how it functions, and the way it functions is clearly related to environmental conditions. The morphologist is concerned with problems of anatomy, histology, cytologj', embryology, evolution, and genetics : the physiologist, with interpreting functions in terms of chemistry, physics, and mathematics : and the ecologist, with distribution, behavior, populations, and communities. The evolution of adaptation and of species is of mutual interest to the ecologist and to the geneticist ; bioclimatology is a connecting link between ecology and physiology.All areas, in the final analysis, are simply different approaches to an understanding of the meaning of life. SUBDIVISIONS OF ECOLOGYEcology may be studied with particular reference to animals or to plants, hence animal ecology and plant ecology. Animal ecology, however, cannot be adequately understood except against a considerable background of plant ecology. When animals and plants are given equal emphasis, the term bioecology is often used. Courses in plant ecology usually dismiss animals as but one of many factors in the environment. Synecology is the study of communities, and autccology the study of species.In this book we shall survey the fundamentals and basic facts of animal ecology. We will study comnmnity ecology, the local distribution of animals in various habitats, the recognition of community units, and succession ; ecological dynamics, the processes of dispersal, ecesis, reaction, coaction, productivity, competition, speciation, and regulation of abundance ; and geographic ecology, geographic distribution, palaeoecology. and biomes. We will also be interested throughout the text with how species and individuals respond and adjust to the physical factors of their environment, but a full study of physiological ecology must be left to another time and place.When special consideration of their ecology is given to one or another taxonomic group,...

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Section: Carbon Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Ecology

Kendeigh¹

1961

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“…In fact, researchers are showing increasing interests in carbonate formation and dissolution in the ocean because of the role of these reactions in the CO 2 issue. Morse et al and Millero have published careful reviews on this topic. , However, most of the previous work has focused mainly on carbonation reactions under natural conditions and from a biological perspective. − The possibility of CO 2 fixation by intentionally enhancing the carbonate precipitation process is still unknown. Therefore, in this work, we investigated the possibility of this idea through calculations and experiments to obtain a better understanding of Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ utilization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO₂ Fixation in Ca²⁺-/Mg²⁺-Rich Aqueous Solutions through Enhanced Carbonate Precipitation

Wang

Zheng

et al. 2011

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In this work, the possibility of achieving fixation of CO2 using Ca and Mg ions was tested and verified. Concentrated seawater from desalination plants, subsurface brines, industrial effluents with high hardness, and/or natural seawaters that are rich in Ca2+ and Mg2+ could all be potential aqueous sources. Theoretical analyses indicated that the carbonation reaction could be enhanced by raising the pH or the CO2 partial pressure. Experiments using synthesized seawater confirmed this possibility. Over 90% of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the seawater could be converted by precipitation in the forms of MgCO3 and dolomite [MgCa(CO3)2], and the kinetics of the process was found to be quite acceptable. It was found that 1 m3 of natural seawater could fix about 1.34 m3 or 2.65 kg of CO2 (gas volume, standard conditions), and the potential of concentrated seawater is 2–3 times this value. Even if the annual CO2 emissions of the entire world were captured in this way, the concentration of Ca2+/Mg2+ in natural seawater would change at only the part-per-million scale, such that the ecological effects could be negligible. This idea has great potential for application. It might be able to realize not only the permanent fixation of CO2 but also the production of large amounts of carbonate byproducts.

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Alternatives to lactic acid: Possible advantages

Fields

1983

J. Exp. Zool.

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Many groups of invertebrates use metabolic strategies that do not lead to the accumulation of lactate during periods of hypoxia or anoxia. These animals may accumulate some combination of the following: alanine, octopine, alanopine, strombine, acetate, propionate, 2-methylbutyrate, 2-methylvalerate, and succinate. An organism may derive a benefit from production of an alternative end product when the yield of ATP per mole of glucose 6-phosphate is greater than that found in lactate production. Formations of succinate, propionate, 2-methylbutyrate, and 2-methylvalerate have been shown to yield more ATP in a few species. This analysis can be extended to the formation of alanine, as this is accompanied by the conversion of aspartate to succinate .Formations of octopine, alanopine, or strombine apparently do not increase the yield of ATP per mole of glucose 6-phosphate, because the enzymes forming these compounds are functionally analogous to lactate dehydrogenase. A potential advantage of producing these compounds might be maintenance of a constant intracellular osmotic pressure during periods of anoxia. The significance of this is uncertain, because if lactate were to accumulate, the expected change in osmotic pressure appears to be trivial. Another possible advantage of accumulating octopine, alanopine, or strombine, would be the ability to maintain a lower NADHNAD+ ratio as compared with the accumulation of lactate. This might assist the organism in maintaining a high rate of glycolysis by reducing the inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by NADH. Other possibilities are smaller perturbations of the acid-base balance of the cell, or producing a compound that has less effect on the catalytic and regulatory properties of enzymes in the cell.Most organisms on this planet are dependent on oxygen for their survival, yet many live in habitats that subject them to periods of hypoxia or anoxia. Bacteria are the champions at adapting to hostile habitats, but that topic is beyond the scope of this article, which is restricted to an examination of a few invertebrates. Some of these use anaerobic metabolism to fuel short bursts of intense muscular activity, when aerobic processes cannot meet the metabolic demand. Others, such as those found in the intertidal region, are subjected to variable periods of hypoxia, while many that are endoparasitic can survive indefinitely without oxygen, perhaps not even using aerobic processes to generate ATP in the presence of oxygen (von Brand, '66; Saz, '81) ANAEROBIC END PRODUCTS This process has been exploited by commercial and amateur interests throughout most of man's recorded history. The other anaerobic process of historical note is the production of lactate associated with muscular activity in vertebrates. This process has received considerable attention from biologists; hence, the conversion of glycogen to lactate has become the most familiar anaerobic pathway. Lactate production, however, is not a universal feature of anaerobic metabolism in the animal ...

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Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Marine Invertebrates: A Survey of Major Phyla

Cited by 53 publications

References 13 publications

Animal Ecology

Animal Ecology

CO₂ Fixation in Ca²⁺-/Mg²⁺-Rich Aqueous Solutions through Enhanced Carbonate Precipitation

Alternatives to lactic acid: Possible advantages

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Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Marine Invertebrates: A Survey of Major Phyla

Cited by 53 publications

References 13 publications

Animal Ecology

Animal Ecology

CO2 Fixation in Ca2+-/Mg2+-Rich Aqueous Solutions through Enhanced Carbonate Precipitation

Alternatives to lactic acid: Possible advantages

Contact Info

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CO₂ Fixation in Ca²⁺-/Mg²⁺-Rich Aqueous Solutions through Enhanced Carbonate Precipitation