Carbon dioxide rebreathing induced by crib bumpers and mesh liners using an infant manikin

Abstract

ObjectivesQuantify impaired respiration in currently marketed crib bumpers (CBs), mesh liners (MLs) and alternative products (ALTs) used to attenuate the interaction between the baby and the crib sides and elucidate the relationship between impaired respiration and permeability.MethodsWe experimentally quantified carbon dioxide rebreathing (CO2RB) via an infant manikin and air permeability via previously published test protocols, in commercially available CBs, MLs and ALTs.ResultsDifferences in CO2RB in ML (median [m]=8.2%, 25th percentile [P25]=6.8, 75th percentile [P75]=8.6), ALT (m=10.5%, P25=9.8, P75=10.7) and CB (m=11.6%, P25=10.2, P75=14.3) were significant (p<0.0001). For comparison, manikin tests with a pacifier yielded CO2RB of 5.6%–5.9%, blanket draped over the face/torso yielded CO2RB of 7.7%–8.6% and stuffed animal in various positions yielded CO2RB from 6.1% to 16.1%. Differences in permeability between ML (m=529.5 cubic feet per minute [CFM], P25=460, P75=747.5), ALT (m=29.0 CFM, P25=27.7, P75=37.7) and CB (m=46.6 CFM, P25=30.1, P75=58.7) groups were significant (p<0.0001). CO2RB was poorly correlated with air permeability (max R2=0.36). In a subset of tests, CB CO2RB increased by 50%–80% with increasing penetration force, whereas the ML CO2RB was nominally unchanged.ConclusionsGovernment agencies and standards organisations are presently considering regulation of bedding including CBs. As paediatricians are consulted in the development of such regulations, our findings that permeability by itself was a poor predictor of CO2RB should be considered.

Exploring infant hip position and muscle activity in common baby gear and orthopedic devices

“…A majority of commercial and scientific research is focused on the immediate safety (or the lack thereof) of infants in commercially available baby gear, specifically in the areas of preventing bodily injury and suffocation. [48][49][50] There is a dearth of experimental research investigating the potential long-term effects of baby gear on infant that infant spinal muscle activity was influenced by infant positioning in common positions and baby gear, and that the findings could be impactful for infants who spent an increasing amount of time in commercially available baby gear. 38 While there is some preliminary work in developmental literature relating infant body movements to the use of baby gear, 26 there has been no robust exploration of the impact that the use of commercial infant products has on infant biomechanics.…”