Carbon Dioxide Reduction Targets of Hot Water Showers for People in Hong Kong

Wong, Ling Tim; Mui, KW; Zhou, Yang

doi:10.3390/w9080576

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The higher thermal neutral temperature found in this study-as compared with the thermal neutral temperature reported by Herrmann et al [9] for French consumers-indicated that the showering subjects in this study generally preferred a warm showering environment. This is consistent with the findings of some previous local survey studies, in which all winter showers and over 90% of summer showers were hot showers [3,4].…”

Section: Thermal Comfort Zonesupporting

confidence: 93%

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Showering Thermal Sensation in Residential Bathrooms

Wong,

Mui,

Chan

2022

Water

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The thermal energy consumed by showering to the satisfaction of the showering subject, is largely dependent on the water temperature, shower duration, water flow rate, and bathroom air temperature. A research gap, between human thermal preferences and the smart use of thermal energy in high-rise urban residential bathroom environments, has been identified. This study examines the influence of a bathroom’s thermal environment on the showering subject’s thermal sensation. Of the 98 invited respondents, a total of 31 volunteers (12 females and 19 males) participated in the showering experiments, under three thermal conditions (control, colder, and warmer); their subjective thermal responses, including thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and thermal acceptability votes, were recorded. The results showed a non-linear trend of thermal sensation vote (TSV) against the bathroom air temperature. The predicted dissatisfied (PD) was asymmetrical, and the showering subjects preferred a slightly warm environment. Although the female TSV values were more sensitive than the male ones, in both the colder and warmer experiments, there were no significant gender differences. The findings of this study—including the expressions derived from the shower-water and bathroom air temperatures for the thermal comfort zone in a bathroom environment—can be used as a reference to enhance our understanding of thermal energy consumption in environmental design, and to help optimize the thermal environment in bathrooms.

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Section: Thermal Comfort Zonesupporting

confidence: 93%

“…A study found that the preferred shower-water temperature, which is affected by seasonal climate change, is inversely proportional to the bathroom air temperature [4]. A hot shower is usually taken not only for maintaining body temperature but also for achieving thermal comfort.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Showering Thermal Sensation in Residential Bathrooms

Wong,

Mui,

Chan

2022

Water

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“…Il a ensuite été demandé aux panélistes efficaces d'évaluer 25 gels douche couvrant la variété des produits existants sur le marché. energy consumption in 2013 was used to provide hot water for showers and baths [13]. In sum, the use of water for rinsing off cosmetic products during showers is a significant source of domestic water usage, energy consumption and CO 2 emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an example, in Japan, residential water supply systems account for 5% of total CO 2 emissions, with about 60% of those emissions being from hot water used in showering and bathing [12]. In Hong Kong, 19% of the residential energy consumption in 2013 was used to provide hot water for showers and baths [13]. In sum, the use of water for rinsing off cosmetic products during showers is a significant source of domestic water usage, energy consumption and CO 2 emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water consumption by rinse‐off cosmetic products: The case of the shower

Morizet

Aguiar

Campion

et al. 2023

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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ObjectiveThis article measures and discusses the effects of different shower gels on the consumption of water used during a shower.MethodsA sensory panel was created for quantifying water consumption associated with the use of shower gels. Fifteen French panellists were recruited (age: 59 ± 7, height: 163 cm ± 9 and weight: 68 kg ± 20) and trained to assess rinsed skin in a standardized way. Effective panellists were then asked to assess 25 shower gels covering the variety of existing products on the market.ResultsResults showed that the average volume was 4.77 L for heating the water and wetting the body and 4.15 L for rinsing the shower gel off the full body. We observed a significant shower gel effect (p < 0.0001) with the water volume needed to rinse the 25 shower gels ranging 3.21 L to 5.65 L.ConclusionThis paper demonstrates the impact of shower gel formulation on water consumption during a shower. It thus demonstrates the importance of formulating shower gels to reduce the total amount of water needed to shower. It also introduces the distinction between ‘useful water’ which refers strictly to the volume of water objectively needed to rinse off a product and the ‘used water’ which refers to the total shower volume of water. This distinction helps to better strategize actions in order to reduce water consumption from rinse‐off cosmetic products used during showers.

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“…In the case of individual residential buildings, the application of shower heat exchangers seems to be the only rational solution to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and CO 2 emissions. This is particularly important as water heating for bathing can account for up to 60% of the total CO 2 emissions from residential water supply systems [42]. In the case of Poland, however, the lack of knowledge about the possibility of using this valuable resource remains a problem, as a result of which the heat energy carried by wastewater is usually irretrievably lost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Feasibility of Implementing Shower Heat Exchangers in Residential Buildings Based on Users’ Energy Saving Preferences

2021

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In Poland, domestic hot water is heated mainly using fossil fuel energy sources. Such an approach results in the depletion of natural resources, pollution of the atmosphere and, consequently, irreversible changes to the climate. In response to this problem, this research identified the factors that most determine energy savings for heating water in residential buildings, as well as those that affect the choice of an alternative energy source. Additionally, the possibility of implementing shower heat exchangers in existing and newly built residential buildings was assessed, as well as society’s willingness to use such devices. The research was carried out on a sample of 462 inhabitants of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship (Poland). A questionnaire survey was used as a tool. The conducted research has shown that the perspective of environmental protection is not a sufficient motivator to save energy for heating domestic hot water. It is necessary to implement appropriate programs aimed at informing the public about the possibilities offered by the use of alternative energy sources and co-financing the purchase of appropriate devices. In the case of drain water heat recovery systems, a significant problem is also the need to develop new, highly effective designs of shower heat exchangers which can be installed under the floor linear shower drain or on the horizontal shower waste pipe.

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Carbon Dioxide Reduction Targets of Hot Water Showers for People in Hong Kong

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Showering Thermal Sensation in Residential Bathrooms

Showering Thermal Sensation in Residential Bathrooms

Water consumption by rinse‐off cosmetic products: The case of the shower

Assessment of the Feasibility of Implementing Shower Heat Exchangers in Residential Buildings Based on Users’ Energy Saving Preferences

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