Carbon Dioxide Sensing—Biomedical Applications to Human Subjects

Dervieux, Emmanuel; Théron, Michaël; Uhring, Wilfried

doi:10.3390/s22010188

Cited by 30 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 348 publications

(519 reference statements)

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“…Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (°C), with a measurement range of −20 °C to 60 °C (−4 °F to 140 °F), an accuracy of ±1 °C (±2 °F), and a resolution of 0.01 °C/°F. The RH range is 0–100% RH, and the humidity measurement precision is ±2% RG (20–80% RH), with a humidity resolution of 0.01% RH ( Dervieux, Théron & Uhring, 2022 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor air quality in a training centre used for sports practice

Mazoteras‐Pardo

Iglesias

Casado-Hernández

et al. 2023

PeerJ

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Background One of the measures for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was the mass closure of gyms. This measure leads us to determine the differences between indoor and outdoor air quality. That is why the objective of this study was to analyse the indoor air quality of a sports centre catering to small groups and rehabilitation. Methods The study was conducted in a single training centre, where 26 measurements were taken in two spaces (indoors and outdoors). The air quality index, temperature, relative humidity, total volatile compounds, carbon monoxide, ozone, formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter were measured indoors and outdoors using the same protocol and equipment. These measurements were taken twice, once in the morning and once in the afternoon, with all measurements made at the same time, 10 am and 6 pm, respectively. Additionally, four determinations of each variable were collected during each shift, and the number of people who had trained in the room and the number of trainers were counted. Results In the different variables analysed, the results show that CO2 and RH levels are higher indoors than outdoors in both measurement shifts. Temperatures are higher outside than inside and, in the evening, than in the morning. TVOC, AQI and PM show less variation, although they are higher outdoors in the morning. CO is highest indoors. HCHO levels are almost negligible and do not vary significantly, except for a slight increase in the afternoon outside. Ozone levels are not significant. All the variables showed practically perfect reliability in all the measurements, except for ozone measured outside in the morning. On the other hand, the variables exhibit variations between indoors and outdoors during the morning and afternoon, except for the three types of PM. Also, the data show that all the main variables measured inside the sports training centre are similar between morning and afternoon. However, outside, temperature, relative humidity and HCHO levels show significant differences between morning and afternoon while no differences are observed for the other variables. Conclusion The indoor air quality of the training centre assessed was good and met current regulations; some of its components even exhibited better levels than fresh air. This article is the first to measure indoor air quality in a sports training centre catering to rehabilitation and small groups.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor air quality in a training centre used for sports practice

Mazoteras‐Pardo

Iglesias

Casado-Hernández

et al. 2023

PeerJ

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“…26 Carbonate and bicarbonate ions are of specific interest as they play a major role in many physiological, environmental, and industrial processes. [27][28][29] These ions play multifaceted roles ranging from maintaining the pH of the blood to regulating the amount of dissolved CO 2 in seawater. Thus, deviation from optimum levels of bicarbonates can have far-reaching consequences, both physiologically and environmentally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

pH-Switchable phenylalanine-templated copper nanoclusters: CO₂ probing and efficient peroxidase mimicking activity

Shekhar,

Sarker,

Mahato

et al. 2023

Nanoscale

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“…There have been several major reviews on CO 2 indicators, and most have focused on their use in food packaging. − However, this review is different in that, through the work of one group, the evolution of CO 2 indicators over the last 3 decades is described, with particular attention to how they work and potential applications other than in food packaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colorimetric CO₂ Indicators

2023

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Conspectus Carbon dioxide, CO2, is an essential part of life, in that through green plant photosynthesis it is used to generate food and fuel and is generated in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Industrially, it is used in fire extinguishers, supercritical fluid extractions, and food packaging. Environmentally, it is in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere and is responsible for global warming and the acidification of the oceans. The monitoring of CO2 in the gas phase is usually carried out using FTIR spectroscopy, whereas the measurement of dissolved CO2 usually involves an electrochemical device. Excitingly, the most recent forms of CO2 indicators appear to offer significant advantages over current methods, such as simplicity, low cost, and portability. This Account highlights the work of the Mills group on transforming CO2 colorimetric indicator technology from the usual water-based (i.e., “wet”) indicator form to dry CO2-sensitive inks, pigments, plastics, and adhesives. Initially, the basic theory associated with colorimetric CO2 indicators is described, and the simple relationship between indicator absorbance and the partial pressure of CO2, P CO2, established. The early work on CO2-sensitive inks is then described, where such inks comprise a hydrophilic pH-sensitive dye anion, coupled with a lipophilic quaternary ammonium cation, dissolved in a nonaqueous solution of a polymer which, when cast, forms a dry ink film that gives a reversible color response when exposed to CO2 both in the gas phase and dissolved in solution. The ability to tune the sensitivity of a CO2 ink film to the desired application through the judicious choice of the pH indicator dye and base concentration is described. The dependence of the sensitivity of a CO2 ink film on temperature is used to create a temperature indicator, and the ability to tune the ink, to respond to high levels of CO2, is used to create a fizziness indicator for carbonated drinks. Very sensitive CO2 inks are used to make a vacuum and a general air-pressure indicator. The more recent development in CO2 indicator technology is described in which CO2 inks are used to coat silica particles to make a range of different CO2-sensitive pigments, which, when incorporated into a plastic, through extrusion, produce a range of novel CO2-sensitive plastic films that have many notable advantages over their ink film counterparts. Examples are then given of such plastic films being used for dissolved CO2 measurements in salt water, for food packaging, and as an early wound-infection indicator. Finally, the recent incorporation of a CO2-sensitive pigment into a pressure sensitive adhesive to make an after opening freshness tape is described briefly. Although most commercial CO2 indicators are assessed by eye and so are limited to qualitative analysis, this work shows that colorimetric CO2 indicators can be used for quantitative analysis through absorbance measurements. Nowadays, such measurements can be readily made using just a digital camera and color analysis soft...

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Carbon Dioxide Sensing—Biomedical Applications to Human Subjects

Cited by 30 publications

References 348 publications

Indoor air quality in a training centre used for sports practice

Indoor air quality in a training centre used for sports practice

pH-Switchable phenylalanine-templated copper nanoclusters: CO₂ probing and efficient peroxidase mimicking activity

Colorimetric CO₂ Indicators

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Carbon Dioxide Sensing—Biomedical Applications to Human Subjects

Cited by 30 publications

References 348 publications

Indoor air quality in a training centre used for sports practice

Indoor air quality in a training centre used for sports practice

pH-Switchable phenylalanine-templated copper nanoclusters: CO2 probing and efficient peroxidase mimicking activity

Colorimetric CO2 Indicators

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

pH-Switchable phenylalanine-templated copper nanoclusters: CO₂ probing and efficient peroxidase mimicking activity

Colorimetric CO₂ Indicators