Carbon Emissions From Chinese Inland Waters: Current Progress and Future Challenges

Abstract

Inland waters are significant emitters of greenhouse gases for the atmosphere and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. With a vast land area in East Asia spanning a broad range of climatic conditions, China has a large number of natural and human‐made water bodies. These inland water systems are of global importance because of their high carbon emission fluxes. Over the past decades, China has experienced unprecedented environmental changes driven by rapid economic development, which have profoundly modified its inland water carbon biogeochemistry and associated emissions. This review focuses on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emission dynamics from China's inland waters in response to global change. Major drivers of CO2 and CH4 emissions, including aquatic metabolism, hydrological and climatic factors, and prevailing human impacts, are examined. To advance our understanding of carbon emissions from China's inland waters, we further identify several critical knowledge gaps, such as inadequate research in headwater streams and the climate‐sensitive Tibetan Plateau aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, insufficient understanding of carbon emissions from inland waters undergoing extensive human interventions (e.g., damming, flow regulation, pollution, and farming practices in aquaculture ponds) is highlighted. We suggest that future efforts should be made to better capture the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in dissolved CO2 and CH4 concentrations and fluxes across China as well as their long‐term trends. To overcome uncertainties in carbon sources and current flux estimates, future research to mechanistically understand carbon transport and transformation in Chinese inland waters and their underlying processes is particularly needed.

Magnitude of and Hydroclimatic Controls on CO2 and CH4 Emissions in the Subtropical Monsoon Pearl River Basin

“…However, this is unavoidable in the study of large river systems because it is often challenging to perform in situ measurements at sites with steep slopes or under turbulent flow conditions (Borges et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2023). Second, ebullition is an important pathway for CH 4 emissions and the dominant pathway in some river systems (e.g., Aben et al, 2017;Crawford et al, 2014), especially in rivers with eutrophic environments (Park et al, 2023;Yang et al, 2024). For instance, ebullition can account for up to 99% of the total CH 4 flux in eutrophic urban rivers .…”