Carbon fibers from dry-spinning of acetylated softwood kraft lignin

Zhang, Meng; Ogale, Amod A.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.12.015

Cited by 163 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Recently, we have reported on an alternative route, namely dry-spinning, using an acetylated version of commercially available softwood lignin where stable melt viscosity was not necessary for processing. The resulting carbon fibers displayed a tensile strength of 1.04 GPa [12], which is amongst the highest reported for lignin-based carbon fibers. However, the thermal stabilization step required about 40 h, a relatively long duration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Our objective was to increase the thermo-oxidative stabilization speed, thus hydroxyl groups were needed in the precursor fibers. We have recently reported that when acetic anhydride amount decreased from 15 to 0.66 mL per gram of lignin, the weight gain of modified lignin (due to acetylation) reduced from 18% to 5%, respectively, and the hydroxyl peak intensity in FTIR spectra increased three-fold [12,22]. Thus, we accomplished partial acetylation using a low acetic anhydride-to-lignin ratio (0.66 mL acetic anhydride per gram of lignin), in contrast to prior literature studies where a high degree of acetylation was done to achieve melt stability [8].…”

Section: Carbon Fiber Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon Fibers from UV-Assisted Stabilization of Lignin-Based Precursors

Zhang

Jin

Ogale

2015

Fibers

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Production of high strength carbon fibers from bio-derived precursors is of topical interest. Recently, we reported on dry-spinning of a partially acetylated softwood kraft lignin to produce carbon fibers with superior properties, but the thermo-oxidative stabilization step required a long time due to a slow heating rate needed to prevent the fibers from being heated too rapidly and sticking to each other. Here we report a rapid strategy of dual UV-thermoxidative stabilization (crosslinking) of dry-spun lignin fibers that significantly reduces the stabilization time. The fibers undergo reaction close to the surface such that they can be subsequently thermally stabilized at a rapid heating rate without fibers fusing together, which reduces the total stabilization time significantly from 40 to 4 h. Consequently, the glass transition temperature of UV irradiated fibers was about 15 °C higher than that of fibers without UV treatment. Stabilized fibers were successfully carbonized at 1000 °C and resulting carbon fibers displayed a tensile strength of 900 ± 100 MPa, which is amongst the highest reported for carbon fibers derived from softwood lignin-based precursors. These results establish that UV irradiation is a rapid step that can effectively shorten the total stabilization time for production of lignin-derived carbon fibers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Carbon Fiber Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Fibers from UV-Assisted Stabilization of Lignin-Based Precursors

Zhang

Jin

Ogale

2015

Fibers

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“…Acetylation is a technique that can improve the solubility of lignin in organic solvents (Olarte 2011), and it can be used as a pretreatment method when a soluble form of lignin is required in the manufacturing processes. For instance, acetylated lignins were used for producing lignin microspheres (Asrar and Ding 2010), thermoplastics/lignin composites (Jeong et al 2012), lignin-based thermoplastic polyurethanes (Jeong et al 2013), and lignin carbon fibers (Zhang and Ogale 2014). Understanding the solubility of lignin and acetylated lignin in organic solvents helps to utilize lignin for producing high value-added products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solubility of Lignin and Acetylated Lignin in Organic Solvents

2017

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The solubility of four lignin samples and their acetylated forms was determined in a series of organic solvents to investigate the relationship between solubility and the solubility parameter. The solubility parameter of lignin samples and acetylated lignin was calculated based on the number of atoms or groups on lignin units. (Lignin 4 [4]). The solubility of lignin in organic solvents was not predictable due to poor correlation between the solubility of lignin and its solubility parameter. However, the solubility of lignin in an organic solvent depended on the molecular weight and the aliphatic hydroxyl number of the lignin. L2, with a lower molecular weight than other lignin samples, had the highest solubility in organic solvents, and L3, with highest aliphatic hydroxyl number, had the lowest solubility in organic solvents. All acetylated lignins were soluble in most of the organic solvents. Furthermore, the molecular weights of the soluble parts of all four lignins in ethyl acetate were found to be lower than the original lignins.

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“…Melt spinning of lignin requires a glass transition temperature below the decomposition temperature. This is often only possible through derivatization of the respective lignin (Kubo et al 1998;Steudle et al 2017;Uraki et al 1995;Zhang and Ogale 2014) or by adding plasticizing agents (Kadla et al 2002;Kubo and Kadla 2005;Saito et al 2012). Another challenge encountered with lignin is that the polymer might differ substantially in its macromolecular properties and quality depending on the source and pulping method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced stabilization of cellulose-lignin hybrid filaments for carbon fiber production

Byrne

Silva

et al. 2017

Cellulose

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Herein we investigate the stabilization behavior of a cellulose-lignin composite fibre towards application as a new bio derived precursor for carbon fibres. Carbon fibre materials are in high demand as we move towards a lower emission high-efficiency society. However, the most prominent current carbon fibre precursor is an expensive fossil-based polymer. Over the past decade significant research has focused on using renewable and bio derived alternatives. By blending cellulose and lignin and spinning a fibre with a continuous bi-component matrix a new approach to overcome the current limitations of both these precursors is proposed. A thorough study is conducted here on understanding the stabilization of the new precursors which is a critical step in the carbon fibre process. We show that stabilization times of the composite fibre are significantly reduced in comparison to pure lignin and improvements in mass yield compared to pure cellulose fibres are observed.

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Carbon fibers from dry-spinning of acetylated softwood kraft lignin

Cited by 163 publications

References 9 publications

Carbon Fibers from UV-Assisted Stabilization of Lignin-Based Precursors

Carbon Fibers from UV-Assisted Stabilization of Lignin-Based Precursors

Solubility of Lignin and Acetylated Lignin in Organic Solvents

Enhanced stabilization of cellulose-lignin hybrid filaments for carbon fiber production

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