Carbon footprint analysis for increasing water supply and sanitation in South Africa: a case study

Friedrich, Elena; Pillay, S.; Buckley, C.A.

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.03.004

Cited by 109 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The average GHG emissions derived from the network electricity consumption (5.53 kg/inhabitant·year) would represent between 2 and 3% of the UWC emissions in the case study in Sharma et al (2008) and between 11 and 18% of the case study in Friedrich et al (2009). These percentages are reasonably consistent with the range of values found in other studies analysing the whole UWC.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Although varied, the results from previous articles (Sharma et al, 2008;Friedrich et al, 2009;Venkatesh & Brattebø, 2011;Lemos et al, 2013;Amores et al, 2013) are within the range of values observed in this study. The differences among these results can be explained by the specificity of each case study; this paper provides average values that can be used in future studies to avoid considering such specific conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Sharma et al (2008) analysed the GHG emissions released within the construction and operation of the UWC infrastructures in a residential area of 86,000 inhabitants, which generated 16,000 to 24,000 t of CO 2 eq./year. A similar study by Friedrich et al (2009) for 200,000 residents obtained values of 6,000 to 10,000 t of CO 2 eq./year. Another study, by Muñoz et al (2010), for a broader area presented emissions of 1.5 to 2.5 t of CO 2 eq./m 3 of supplied water.…”

Section: Urban Water Cyclementioning

confidence: 51%

“…Finally, one important issue regarding the environmental impacts of the DWTDN is the loss of water through the network by leakages (Friedrich et al, 2009). Losing water increases the environmental impacts of the water supply system because, on the one hand, it increases the volume of water treated and the energy consumed to transport it and, on the other hand, because of the loss of resources.…”

Section: Drinking Water Transport and Distribution Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental assessment of drinking water transport and distribution network use phase for small to medium-sized municipalities in Spain

Sanjuan-Delmás

Petit‐Boix

Gasol

et al. 2015

Journal of Cleaner Production

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Urban Water Cyclementioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Drinking Water Transport and Distribution Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Environmental assessment of drinking water transport and distribution network use phase for small to medium-sized municipalities in Spain

Sanjuan-Delmás

Petit‐Boix

Gasol

et al. 2015

Journal of Cleaner Production

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“…Inclusion of locally manufactured chemicals and materials (pipes and pumps) in the assessment contributed little to the overall impacts. Relatively higher impacts on climate change were reported in Durban, as its GHG emission factors (970 g CO 2 eq/kWh) for electricity were high, even with lower electricity consumption for the urban water systems [48].…”

Section: High Water Risk Regionsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Water-energy nexus for urban water systems: A comparative review on energy intensity and environmental impacts in relation to global water risks

et al. 2017

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• This study quantifies the nexus as energy intensity and greenhouse gas potential.• Baseline water stress and return flow ratio are identified as water risks.• Source water accessibility significantly contributes to variations in the nexus.• Water risks have little impact on the nexus of wastewater systems.• Study on the nexus is suggested to be conducted at regional levels. A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C TThe importance of the interdependence between water and energy, also known as the water-energy nexus, is well recognized. The water-energy nexus is typically characterized in resource use efficiency terms such as energy intensity. This study aims to explore the quantitative results of the nexus in terms of energy intensity and environmental impacts (mainly greenhouse gas emissions) on existing water systems within urban water cycles. We also characterized the influence of water risks on the water-energy nexus, including baseline water stress (a water quantity indicator) and return flow ratio (a water quality indicator). For the 20 regions and 4 countries surveyed (including regions with low to extremely high water risks that are geographically located in Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe, and North America), their energy intensities were positively related to the water risks. Regions with higher water risks were observed to have relatively higher energy and GHG intensities associated with their water supply systems. This mainly reflected the major influence of source water accessibility on the nexus, particularly for regions requiring energy-intensive imported or groundwater supplies, or desalination. Regions that use tertiary treatment (for water reclamation or environmental protection) for their wastewater treatment systems also had relatively higher energy and GHG emission intensities, but the intensities seemed to be independent from the water risks. On-site energy recovery (e.g., biogas or waste heat) in the wastewater treatment systems offered a great opportunity for reducing overall energy demand and its associated environmental impacts. Future policy making for the water and energy sectors should carefully consider the waterenergy nexus at the regional or local level to achieve maximum environmental and economic benefits. The results from this study can provide a better understanding of the water-energy nexus and informative recommendations for future policy directions for the effective management of water and energy.

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Development of a national water‐energy system model with emphasis on the power sector for south africa

Ahjum

Merven

Cullis³

et al. 2018

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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A comprehensive archive of information and data pertaining to the development process is available via the Energy Research Data Portal for South Africa. The portal hosts technical reports and data fully describing the model development, estimation of costs and technical parameters; and that of stakeholder engagement for model validation and scenario critique. http://energydata.uct.ac.za/organization/erc-water-energy-nexus © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 132–147, 2018

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Carbon footprint analysis for increasing water supply and sanitation in South Africa: a case study

Cited by 109 publications

References 6 publications

Environmental assessment of drinking water transport and distribution network use phase for small to medium-sized municipalities in Spain

Environmental assessment of drinking water transport and distribution network use phase for small to medium-sized municipalities in Spain

Water-energy nexus for urban water systems: A comparative review on energy intensity and environmental impacts in relation to global water risks

Development of a national water‐energy system model with emphasis on the power sector for south africa

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