Carbon footprint estimation of reconstruction for a debris flow disaster in a hillside community

Three-Echelon Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Equilibrium under Cap-and-Trade Regulation

“…q s : the total transaction quantity of raw materials supplied by supplier s to both types of manufacturers, Q s = (q s ) S×1 ∈ R S + ; q sx : x = i, the quantity of raw materials supplied by supplier s to low-emission manufacturer i, Q 2 1 = (q si ) SI×1 ∈ R SI + ; x = j, the quantity of raw materials supplied by supplier s to high-emission manufacturer j, Q 1 1 = q sj SJ×1 ∈ R SJ + ; q xk : x = i, the transaction quantity sold by low-emission manufacturer i to consumers in demand market k, Q 1 3 = (q ik ) IK×1 ∈ R IK + ; x = j, the transaction quantity sold by high-emission manufacturer to consumers in demand market k, Q 1 2 = q jk JK×1 ∈ R JK + ; q v xk : x = i, the quantity of new products made from raw materials by low-emission manufacturer i, q v 3 = q v ik IK×1 ∈ R IK + ; x = j, the quantity of new products made from raw materials by high-emission manufacturer j, q v 2 = q v jk JK×1 ∈ R JK + ; q kx : x = i, the transaction quantity of EOL products between demand market k and low-emission manufacturer i, Q 2 3 = (q ki ) IK×1 ∈ R IK + ; x = j, the transaction quantity of EOL products between demand market k and high-emission manufacturer, Q 2 2 = q kj JK×1 ∈ R JK + ; t x : x = s, the carbon emission quantity purchased by supplier s from the carbon trading center, t 1 = (t s ) S×1 ∈ R S + ; x = j, the carbon emission quantity purchased by high-emission manufacturer j from the carbon trading center, t 2 = t j J×1 ∈ R J + ; x = i, the carbon emission quantity sold by low-emission manufacturer i in the carbon trading center, t 3 = (t i ) I×1 ∈ R I + . Function symbols f s = f s (q s ): the cost function of producing the raw materials required by both types of manufacturers; f x = f x q v XK : x = i, the production cost function of new products by low-emission manufacturer i; x = j, the production cost function of new products by high-emission manufacturer j; f x = f x (β, q kx ): x = i, the remanufacturing cost function of low-emission manufacturer i; x = j, the remanufacturing cost function of high-emission manufacturer j; c x s = c x s (q sx ): x = i, the transaction cost function borne by supplier s transacting with low-emission manufacturer i; x = j, the transaction cost function borne by supplier s transacting with high-emission manufacturer j; Model Parameters ĉs = ĉs (q sx ): x = i, the cost function borne by low-emission manufacturer i in the transaction process with supplier s; x = j, the cost function borne by high-emission manufacturer j in the transaction process with supplier s; c xk = c xk (q xk ): x = i, the trading cost function borne by low-emission manufacturer i in the process of selling products in demand market k; x = j, the trading cost function borne by high-emission manufacturer j in the process of selling products in demand market k; ĉxk = ĉxk (q xk ): x = i, the cost function borne by consumers in the process of purchasing products from low-emission manufacturer i; x = j, the cost function borne by consumers in the process of purchasing products from high-emission manufacturer j; c x = c x (q kx ): x = i, the disposal cost function of EOL products q ki for low-emission manufacturer i; x = j, the disposal cost function of EOL products q kj for high-emission manufacturer j; c t x = c t x (t x ): x = s, the cost function borne by the carbon trading center in the carbon trading process with supplier s; x = i, the cost function borne by the carbon trading center in the carbon trading process with low-emission manufacturer i; x = j, the cost function borne by the carbon trading center in the carbon trading process with high-emission manufacturer j;…”

“…In recent years, accompanied by persistent economic growth, the issues of resource shortage and environmental pollution have become increasingly prominent. For example, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are, by far, the most responsible for global warming, rising sea levels, increased pests and diseases, air pollution, frequent ocean storms and other disasters [1,2]. Thus, further reductions in GHG emissions are advantageous [3].…”

“…Compared with the previous literature, this paper makes the following three contributions. (1) We introduce the carbon trading center as a platform for carbon trading between high-emission and low-emission enterprises and apply carbon trading volumes as decision variables for both types of enterprises. Moreover, in contrast to the existing literature, this study allows carbon trading both between the same types of decision-makers in the same tier in the horizontal direction and between upstream and downstream decision-makers in the vertical direction in the CLSCN.…”

The Estimation of a Carbon Footprint for a Debris Flow Disaster — A Case Study in Daniau Community in Taitung, Taiwan

“…To simplify the calculation process, two major stages, urgent dredging and reconstruction of the Daniau Community [15] and the vegetation destroyed by the debris flow, are used to estimate the carbon footprint. In terms of reconstruction after a debris flow disaster, the carbon footprint uses the correlation between disasters and carbon emissions.…”

“…The activity data and emission coefficients from previous studies [15], [17] are used for the calculation in this study. Urgent dredging and reconstruction engineering are the major considerations for the estimation of the carbon footprint and the detailed description was shown in the study [15]. A previous study [3] also showed that the amount of debris flow caused by Typhoon Morakot in Daniau Community that required urgent dredging was about 0.26 million m 3 .…”