Carbon footprint of FFP2 protective facial masks against SARS-CoV-2 used in the food sector: effect of materials and dry sanitisation

Abstract

PurposeInternational outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 infection has fostered the Italian government to impose the FFP2 protective facial masks in closed environments, including bar, restaurants and, more in general, in the food sector. Protective facial masks are rocketing, both in mass and in costs, in the food sector imposing efforts in fostering reuse strategies and in the achievement of sustainable development goals. The scope of the present paper is to depict possible strategies in manufacturing and reuse strategies that can reduce the carbon footprint (CF) of such devices.Design/methodology/approachTo implement circular economy strategies in the protective facial masks supply chain, it was considered significant to move towards a study of the environmental impact of such devices, and therefore a CF study has been performed on an FFP2 facial mask used in the food sector. Different materials besides the mostly used polypropylene (PP) (polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), poly (lactic acid) (PLA), cotton, polyurethane (PUR), polystyrene (PS) and nylon 6,6) and different sanitisation alternatives as reuse strategies (both laboratory and homemade static oven, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation) readily implemented have been modelled to calculate the CF of a single use of an FFP2 mask.FindingsThe production of textiles in PP, followed by disposal was the main contributor to CF of the single-use FFP2 mask, followed by packaging and transportations. PP and PE were the least impacting, PC, cotton and Nylon 6-6 of the same weight results the worst. PLA has an impact greater than PP and PE obtained from crude oil, followed by PUR and PS. Static laboratory oven obtained an 80.4% reduction of CF with respect to single use PP-made FFP2 mask, whereas homemade oven obtained a similar 82.2% reduction; UV cabinet is the best option, showing an 89.9% reduction.Research limitations/implicationsThe key strategies to reduce the environmental impacts of the masks (research for new materials and reuse with sanitisation) should ensure both the retention of filtering capacities and the sanitary sterility of the reused ones. Future developments should include evaluations of textile recycling impacts, using new materials and the evaluation of the life cycle costs of the reused masks.Practical implicationsThis paper intends to provide to stakeholders (producers, consumers and policy makers) the tools to choose the best option for producing and reuse environmentally friendly protective facial masks to be used in the food sector, by using both different materials and easily implemented reuse strategies.Social implicationsThe reduction of the CF of protective facial masks in the food sector surely will have relevant positive effects on climate change contributing to reach the goals of reducing CO2 emissions. The food sector may promote sustainable practices and attract a niche piece of clients particularly sensible to such themes.Originality/valueThe paper has two major novelties. The first one is the assessment of the CF of a single use of an FFP2 mask made with different materials of the non-woven filtering layers; as the major contribution to the CF of FFP2 masks is related to the non-woven textiles manufacturing, the authors test some other different materials, including PLA. The second is the assessment of the CF of one single use of a sanitised FFP2 mask, using different sanitation technologies as those allowed in bars or restaurants.

Impact Assessment of Pomegranate Cultivation Using Reclaimed Wastewater

“…The methodology applied in this work is the Product Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), standardized by the standards of the ISO 14000 series (ISO 14040, 2006;ISO 14044, 2006) capable of providing useful indications in the case of Life Cycle Engineering. For the realization of the LCA study, the LCA OpenLCA open-source software and the Ecoinvent 3.7 database were used (Giungato et al, 2021;Giungato et al, 2023). To achieve this final objective, the research activity was divided into three implementation objectives: Definition of the aims and scope of investigation, Inventory analysis, Evaluation of the environmental impacts of the analyzed systems, Interpretation of the results.…”

Guest editorial: Circular economy in the agri-food, tourism and hospitality industries in the post-pandemic era

“…In the light of the international outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has fostered the Italian government to impose the FFP2 protective facial masks in food industries and foodservices (e.g., restaurants, bars, etc. ), Giungato et al . (2024) have evaluated the carbon footprint of the FFP2 protective masks toward the identification of sustainable manufacturing and circular reuse strategies.…”

“…In the light of the international outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has fostered the Italian government to impose the FFP2 protective facial masks in food industries and foodservices (e.g., restaurants, bars, etc. ), Giungato et al (2024) have evaluated the carbon Guest editorial footprint of the FFP2 protective masks toward the identification of sustainable manufacturing and circular reuse strategies. The research highlights that the production of the masks, as well as their disposal, are the main impacting steps, followed by packaging and transportation, and possible strategies to reduce the environmental impacts associated with FFP2 masks are the reuse with sanitization and the search for new materials.…”