Carbon implications of China’s urbanization

Feng, Kuishuang; Hubacek, Klaus

doi:10.1007/s40974-016-0015-x

Cited by 61 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A recent analysis of household carbon footprints in the U.S. found no evidence that increasing population density in urban cores or suburbs creates net greenhouse gas emissions benefits when considering entire metropolitan areas (Jones and Kammen 2014). In China, urban households produce more than twice as much CO 2 per capita as rural households, resulting in the increased carbon emissions that have accompanied China's urban transition (Feng and Hubacek 2016). Scaling of energy use and CO 2 emissions with city size in the U.S., China, and Europe is either linear (directly proportional to population) or super-linear (larger per capita emissions in larger cities; Bettencourt et al 2007, Fragkias et al 2013, Oliveira et al 2014.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Central Role of Energy in the Urban Transition: Global Challenges for Sustainability

Burger

Brown

Day

et al. 2019

Biophys Econ Resour Qual

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The urban transition, the increased ratio of urban to rural population globally and within countries, is a hallmark of the 21 st century. Our analysis of publicly available data from the World Bank spanning several decades for ~195 countries show that across and within nations over time, per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), energy use, and CO 2 emissions are lowest in predominantly rural countries (rural > urban pop.), increase rapidly across urbanizing countries (rural » urban pop.) and are highest in the most urban countries (rural < urban pop.). These trends coincide with changes in employment by sector and gender. Rural economies are based largely on employment in the resource-extraction sector, which includes agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and mining. In urbanizing nations, male employment is predominantly in the industrial sector, including public utilities, while female employment is higher in service-based than resource-based economies. In the most urban nations, service economies predominate with some countries employing 90% of women and 65% of men in the service sector. Our analysis shows that per capita GDP, energy use, and CO 2 emissions increase by over two orders of magnitude from low-income, resource-based rural countries to high-income, urbanized countries with predominantly service economies. Data from the U.S. over the past 200 years illuminate a socio-metabolic urban transition similar to that seen globally in recent decades across countries and through time. Our study suggests that increased energy demand and climate consequences of burning fossil fuels will continue to accompany a rapidly urbanizing planet posing major challenges for global sustainability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Central Role of Energy in the Urban Transition: Global Challenges for Sustainability

Burger

Brown

Day

et al. 2019

Biophys Econ Resour Qual

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“…Total emissions are obtained by summing direct CO 2 emissions and indirect CO 2 emissions [56]. The direct CO 2 emissions mainly refer to the consumption of coal, oil, gas, electricity, and heat from China energy statistical yearbook, while the indirect CO 2 emissions are caused by the consumption of products and services, which is also named embodied emissions [40,72].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Direct energy consumption refers to the end use of energy, such as for lighting and space heating. Indirect energy, also referred to as "embodied energy," is the amount of energy use throughout the production of goods and services used by households [55,56]. The framework of household CO 2 emissions accounting is shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Household Co 2 Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Urban and Rural Household CO2 Emissions—Case from China’s Four Megacities: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing

2018

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CO 2 emissions caused by household consumption have become one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Studying household CO 2 emissions (HCEs) is of great significance to energy conservation and emissions reduction. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the direct and indirect CO 2 emissions by urban and rural households in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing. The results show that urban total HCEs are larger than rural total HCEs for the four megacities. Urban total per capita household CO 2 emissions (PHCEs) are larger than rural total PHCEs in Beijing, Tianjin, and Chongqing, while rural total PHCEs in Shanghai are larger than urban total PHCEs. Electricity and hot water production and supply was the largest contributor of indirect HCEs for both rural and urban households. Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing outsourced a large amount of indirect CO 2 emissions to their neighboring provinces.

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“…Urban regions are limited to 2% of the total global surface area, but are responsible for >75% of energy consumption and carbon emissions [23][24][25][26][27]. Studies suggest that various factors responsible for energy consumption and carbon emissions may be economic growth, industrial restructuring, and many other factors [27][28][29]. Urbanization results in the accumulation of individuals and commercial events and hence promotes global environmental problems [29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Urbanization on Vegetation: a Survey of Peshawar, Pakistan

Ali¹,

Akhtar²,

Shuaib³

et al. 2019

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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This paper analyzes a phytosociological study and urbanization in Regi Model Township (RMT) in Peshawar, Pakistan. The study was conducted during spring 2015 and a total of 32 plant species were identified belonging to 19 families. The Asteraceae family had the highest number of species 5 spp. while Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and Brassicaceae had 3 spp. each. Poaceae and Solanaceae had 2 spp. each, while Plantiginaceae, Malvaceae, and Caryophyllaceae had 1 spp. each. In zone 1, a total of 27 plant species were reported in which the Cynodon-Carthamus-Datura community was established on the basis of the importance value index. The soil of this zone was silty clay loamy in texture with a pH of 8.3, nitrogen 0.017%, phosphorus 7.4%, and organic matter (OM) was (0.34 ppm). In zone 2, a total of 23 plant species were reported, and the Xanthium-Parthenium-Cyperus community was established. The soil in this zone was loamy sandy with pH of 8.1, nitrogen 0.020%, *

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Carbon implications of China’s urbanization

Cited by 61 publications

References 26 publications

The Central Role of Energy in the Urban Transition: Global Challenges for Sustainability

The Central Role of Energy in the Urban Transition: Global Challenges for Sustainability

Comparing Urban and Rural Household CO2 Emissions—Case from China’s Four Megacities: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing

Impact of Urbanization on Vegetation: a Survey of Peshawar, Pakistan

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