Carbon in Black Crusts from the Tower of London

Bonazza, Alessandra; Brimblecombe, Peter; Grossi, Carlota M.; Sabbioni, C.

doi:10.1021/es062417w

Cited by 63 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Gases and particulate matter (PM) emitted by vehicles can greatly affect ambient air quality and have direct implications for human health [1], climate change [2], visibility [3], ecosystem productivity [4], and artistic and historic buildings preservation [5], all with consequences for society and national safety and security. Pollutants emitted by vehicles are typically regulated by government agencies OPEN ACCESS (e.g., the US Environmental Protection Agency in the USA) and typically include: carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) (emitted during fuel-rich combustion conditions), nitrogen oxides (NO) (emitted during high-temperature combustion conditions), and PM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

2010

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Automotive particulate matter (PM) causes deleterious effects on health and visibility. Physical and chemical properties of PM also influence climate change. Roadside remote sensing of automotive emissions is a valuable option for assessing the contribution of individual vehicles to the total PM burden. LiDAR represents a unique approach that allows measuring PM emissions from in-use vehicles with high sensitivity. This publication reviews vehicle emission remote sensing measurements using ultraviolet LiDAR and transmissometer systems. The paper discusses the measurement theory and documents examples of how these techniques provide a unique perspective for exhaust emissions of individual and groups of vehicles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

2010

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“…Here we found that more modern crusts have higher organic-carbon/sulfur (OC/SO 4 ) ratios (28). Figure 5 shows measu- …”

Section: Amarilleamientomentioning

confidence: 68%

“…The analysis of the data hinted that asymptotic lightness (L ∞ *) varied from 75-80% in remote areas (EC <1µg m-3), 60-70% at urban background sites (EC 2-3 µg m -3 ), The blackening is also related to the surface concentration of EC on buildings. Our research at the Tower of London (28) shows that the lightness (L*) of black crusts measured colorimetrically falls rapidly with EC at low concentrations, and exponentially reaches a limiting value at high concentrations ( Figure 3). The figure also suggests a minimum value of lightness L* around 35 where the EC area concentration in the crust is around 10 g m -2 and above.…”

Section: Blackening Trendsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Distribución pasada y futura del color en edificios históricos de piedra

Grossi¹,

Brimblecombe²

2008

Mater. construcc.

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RESUMENLa distribución del color en edificios de piedra varía con el tiempo. En el pasado, el ennegrecimiento se debía principalmente a la combustión de carbón. Actualmente, se debe fundamentalmente al depósito de partículas derivadas del diesel. En el futuro, se verá modificado por la acción de la lluvia y el viento. La percepción del público sobre el ennegrecimiento depende de su distribución. Si se resaltan las formas arquitectónicas, será en general aceptable. Los umbrales de aceptación también dependen de la concentración de carbono elemental. Si la concentración es elevada, como en áreas de tráfico intenso, los edificios estarán oscurecidos y probablemente se percibirán como inaceptablemente sucios. A menores concentraciones de carbono elemental (2-3 µg m -3 ), el aspecto de los edificios es en general más aceptable. En el futuro, los cambios de color se verán favorecidos por la diferente actividad biológica, resultante del cambio climático y los diferentes tipos de contaminantes. Un proceso de amarilleamento será probablemente más relevante. Las partículas derivadas del diesel son ricas en compuestos orgánicos que se pueden oxidar a materiales similares a sustancias húmicas (HULIS) de tonos marrones.Palabras clave: pátina, distribución del ennegrecimiento, contaminación atmosférica, cambio climático, estética. SUMMARYThe patterns of colour on stone buildings change with time. Buildings were blackened by coal soot, but now mostly diesel particles and in future, wind-driven rain may alter the patterns and oxidation of surface organics. Colouring patterns that outline or shadow architectural elements are publicly more acceptable than those that cut across them e.g. rain streaking. Thresholds of acceptability for blackening can be related to soot loading. When soot loading of the ambient air is high, e.g. near busy roads, buildings are dark and typically viewed as unacceptable. However at lower concentrations (2-3 µg m --3 elemental carbon), building appearance is typically seen as more acceptable. The future offers a potential for variation in building colour, arising through different biological growth under changing climates or the presence of different pollutants. In future urban atmospheres more dominated by organic pollutants a yellowing process may be more important. Diesel soot has many organic compounds that can oxidise to brownish-coloured humic-like (HULIS) materials.

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“…After these anomalous initial results, a visual inspection on the spots where these tests were implemented shown that the stones have an impermeable surface covering. The formation of a dirtiness layer created on the stone surface by atmospheric pollution or growth of biological agents that induces stone degradation has been reported by several authors (Bonazza et al, 2007;Brimblecombe, 2000;Zappia et al, 1998;Turkington et al, 1997;Amoroso and Fassina., 1983).…”

Section: In Situ Water Absorption Capacitymentioning

confidence: 86%

Rock deterioration in the masonry walls of the Cathedral Basilica of Aguascalientes, Mexico

Padilla-Ceniceros¹,

Pacheco-Martínez²,

López-Doncel³

et al. 2017

Rev. Mex. Cien. Geol.

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Padilla-Ceniceros, R., Pacheco-Martínez, J., López-Doncel, R.A., Orenday-Tapia, E.E., 2017, Rock deterioration in the masonry walls of the cathedral basilica of Aguascalientes, Mexico: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, v. 34, núm. 2, p. 138-149. ABSTRACTHigh porosity volcanic tuffs were used to elaborate the masonry of the walls of the Cathedral of Aguascalientes City, at central México. At present, masonry stones show evidences of deterioration, mainly in the lower part of the walls outside the building due to a raising moisture effect and environmental pollution which are causing damages such as flaking, scaling and black crusts. Petrological studies including X-Ray diffractometry and petrophysical analysis as porosity, density and bulk-density determinations as well stone damages survey were carried out to get information on the used rock types to elaborate the masonry walls, their petrological characteristics and physical harms. No compresional testings were developed due to scarse of stone samples, but there are reported data for these stones by others authors. The results allow to identify the stone type most prone to deteriorate, the mechanism of stone deterioration, and the factors accelerating deterioration. Although results have a pragmatic use for restoration works of the Cathedral of Aguascalientes City, the methodology applied could be used for determining the stone vulnerability to deteriorate in heritage buildings anywhere abroad.Key words: tuff rock; moisture properties; cultural heritage; Aguascalientes; Mexico. RESUMEN Se utilizaron tobas volcanicas de alta porosidad para construir los muros de mamposteria de la Catedral de la ciudad de

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Carbon in Black Crusts from the Tower of London

Cited by 63 publications

References 19 publications

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

Distribución pasada y futura del color en edificios históricos de piedra

Rock deterioration in the masonry walls of the Cathedral Basilica of Aguascalientes, Mexico

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