Carbon isotopic evidence for the emergence of C4 plants in the Neogene from Pakistan and Kenya

Morgan, Michèle E.; Kingston, John D.; Marino, Bruno D.

doi:10.1038/367162a0

Cited by 250 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A large shift in carbon and oxygen isotope values during the late Miocene, initially documented in this Potwar Siwalik sequence, records changes in vegetation composition and structure linked to tectonic uplift and onset of the South Asian monsoon system (12)(13)(14). Isotopic analysis of mammalian tooth enamel independently documents changes in vegetation and precipitation sources and correlates well with the record from paleosol carbonates (15)(16)(17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

Ecological changes in Miocene mammalian record show impact of prolonged climatic forcing

Badgley

Barry

Morgan

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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confidence: 73%

Ecological changes in Miocene mammalian record show impact of prolonged climatic forcing

Badgley

Barry

Morgan

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…4B). The C4 pathway was present in East Africa by at least the middle Miocene Morgan et al, 1994), and there was a global expansion of C4 biomass between 8-6 Ma (Cerling et al, 1997(Cerling et al, , 1998. C3 grass-dominated vegetation belts occur in equatorial Africa today only above 2,700•3,000 m (e.g., Tieszen et al, 1979;Livingstone and Clayton, 1980) and remained above 2200 m during glacial times (e.g., Bonnefille et al, 1990;Taylor, 1992).…”

Section: Soil Stable Isotope Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable isotopes of pedogenic carbonates as indicators of paleoecology in the Plio-Pleistocene (upper Bed I), western margin of the Olduvai Basin, Tanzania

Sikes

Ashley

2007

Journal of Human Evolution

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“…Estos valores son los esperables ya que es este tipo de plantas el único que habría existido durante el Triásico. Los primeros registros seguros de la existencia de plantas C4 corresponden al Neógeno (Ehleringer et al, 1991;Cerling et al, 1993;Morgan et al, 1994).…”

Section: Tipo De Vegetaciónunclassified

Registro de la relación isotópica de carbono en la paleoflora de la Formación Ischigualasto (Triásico Superior), noroeste Argentino: implicaciones paleoatmosféricas

Colombi¹,

Montañez²,

Parrish³

2011

Rev. bras. paleontol.

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-FLORAL CARBON ISOTOPIC RECORD, ISCHIGUALASTO FORMATION (UPPER TRIASSIC), NORTHWEST OF ARGENTINA: PALEOATMOSPHERIC IMPLICATIONS. The Upper Triassic IschigualastoFormation carries a well-preserved flora in the mid-upper portion (~225 Ma Carnian). This contribution is the first detailed study of the isotopic ratios (i.e. 13 Carbon vs. Carbon 12 δ 13 C) and the ratio of carbon and nitrogen (C/N) applied to Argentinean Triassic flora. The aim of this study is to chemically characterize this Triassic flora and provide data for this portion of the Pangea to be used in chemostratigraphic correlation as well as to analyze changes in the global carbon cycle. A total of 97 samples were analyzed, mainly of cuticle. The isotopic values of the samples indicate minimal diagenetic or taphonomic alteration, validating the interpretations reached. A detailed analysis of the isotopic values of this paleoflora documents minor variation in δ 13 C characteristic of differences in levels of local water-stress and of floral composition variations. Discarding minor variations, a mean value of the carbon isotope ratio of paleoflora Ischigualasto Formation of -25.4‰ was obtained within a range from -27.4 to -23.7‰, according to the average values of C3 plants. This value is consistent with the δ 13 C values reported for terrestrial plant fossils from other Upper Triassic successions worldwide, however is enriched by about 3 ‰ with respect to the Middle Triassic plants. This migration towards more positive values of δ 13 C coincide with those observed in marine carbonates and paleosols during the same time-interval, indicating a possible disturbance in the carbon cycle during Early Mesozoic. Finally, a paleo-atmosphere isotopic composition of -6.1‰ was estimated, which differs by ~ 0.5 ‰ from that inferred using the marine carbonate proxy for the ocean-reservoir. This difference can be the response of the oxygen to carbon dioxide ratio in the paleo-atmosphere, which produces differences in the plant isotopic fractionation, diagenesis in the marine carbonates or hydric-stress alteration of the Ischigualasto flora.Key words: carbon, isotopes, Ischigualasto Formation, paleoatmosphere, paleoflora, Triassic.RESUMO -A Formação Ischigualasto (Triássico Superior) é portadora de uma paleoflora muito bem preservada na sua porção médio-superior (~225 Ma.). No presente trabalho são detalhados os primeiros estudos isotópicos (i.e. carbono 13 vs. Carbono 12 = δ 13 C) e a relação entre carbono e nitrogênio (C/N) aplicados à flora triássica argentina. Estes estudos foram direcionados para caracterizar quimicamente esta flora e fornecer dados para esta área do Pangea, a fim de permitir a correlação quimioestratigráfica e a análise das variações no ciclo do carbono. Foram estudadas 97 amostras, principalmente de cutículas. Os valores de δ 13 C dessas amostras não apresentam sinais de alteração diagenética nem tafonômica, fatos que validam as interpretações alcançadas. A análise detalhada dos valores das relações isotópicas desta paleoflora permiti...

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Carbon isotopic evidence for the emergence of C4 plants in the Neogene from Pakistan and Kenya

Cited by 250 publications

References 26 publications

Ecological changes in Miocene mammalian record show impact of prolonged climatic forcing

Ecological changes in Miocene mammalian record show impact of prolonged climatic forcing

Stable isotopes of pedogenic carbonates as indicators of paleoecology in the Plio-Pleistocene (upper Bed I), western margin of the Olduvai Basin, Tanzania

Registro de la relación isotópica de carbono en la paleoflora de la Formación Ischigualasto (Triásico Superior), noroeste Argentino: implicaciones paleoatmosféricas

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