Carbon materials for high mass-loading supercapacitors: filling the gap between new materials and practical applications

Abstract

The ever-increasing demands for low-cost, miniaturization, light-weight supercapacitors significantly enhance the standards of electrode materials. High capacitance and good rate performance at high mass loadings (> 10 mg cm-2) are...

Flax-Derived Carbon: A Highly Durable Electrode Material for Electrochemical Double-Layer Supercapacitors

“…As illustrated in Figure 4 c, the values of C S were reduced approximately threefold, compared to the three-electrode setup. Such an observation is in good agreement with the statement that commercial supercapacitors containing activated carbons account only for one-third of the total device weight because of the presence of inactive yet indispensable components such as current collectors, electrolyte, separator, or package [ 62 ]. For this reason, material-based results (those obtained from a three-electrode setup) should be reduced by a factor of 3–4 to arrange a realistic estimation of device-level values [ 57 , 63 ].…”

High-Mass Loading Hierarchically Porous Activated Carbon Electrode for Pouch-Type Supercapacitors with Propylene Carbonate-Based Electrolyte

“…However, its power density was shifted to 661.7 W/kg ( Figure S5b ). As reported in [ 19 ], increasing the mass loading or electrode thickness results in the fading of the capacitance and rate performance of the electrode materials because of the decreased accessible surface area, enlarged electrical resistance, prolonged ion transport channels, and poor electrolyte wetting. Among those factors mentioned above, the lower power density outputted from the HPAC electrode might be correlated to electrical resistance even only 8 wt % of the insulting PTFE binder was used.…”

“…Hence, the resulting electrode possessed a low-mass loading and exhibited insufficient energy density. To help fill the gaps between new materials and practical applications, Dong et al summarized the recent design and preparation of high-mass loading carbon electrodes for SCs from the aspects of entire conductive networks and ion-transport channels, dense structure design, and freestanding electrode construction [ 19 ]. Among the strategies mentioned above, simultaneously maintaining their high electronic conductivity and ion-diffusion ability within the high-mass loading carbon electrodes remains challenging.…”

Ultrasound-assisted facile one-pot synthesis of ternary MWCNT/MnO2/rGO nanocomposite for high performance supercapacitors with commercial-level mass loadings

“…In low mass loading electrodes, the actual amount of energy stored is very low, thereby limiting their practical application in energy storage devices [31] . Usually, for practical/commercial applications the mass loading of the electrodes should be ≥ 10 mg cm −2 [32] , [33] , [34] . A substantial reduction in the capacitance and energy density is observed for the commercial level electrode mass loading, particularly at high current densities.…”