Carbon Materials in Electroanalysis of Preservatives: A Review

Abstract

Electrochemical sensors in electroanalysis are a particularly useful and relatively simple way to identify electroactive substances. Among the materials used to design sensors, there is a growing interest in different types of carbon. This is mainly due to its non-toxic properties, low cost, good electrical conductivity, wide potential range, and the possibility of using it in both aqueous and nonaqueous media. The electrodes made of carbon, and especially of carbon modified with different materials, are currently most often used in the voltammetric analysis of various compounds, including preservatives. The objective of this paper is to present the characteristics and suitability of different carbon materials for the construction of working electrodes used in the voltammetric analysis. Various carbon materials were considered and briefly discussed. Their analytical application was presented on the example of the preservatives commonly used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical preparations. It was shown that for the electroanalysis of preservatives, mainly carbon electrodes modified with various modifiers are used. These modifications ensure appropriate selectivity, high sensitivity, low limits of detection and quantification, as well as a wide linearity range of voltammetric methods of their identification and determination.

Superficial and Inkjet Scalable Printed Sensors Integrated with Iron Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide for Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Lurasidone

“…Carbonaceous-based electrodes represent a major category of the voltammetric working electrodes. 24 − 30 For biomedical and healthcare monitoring, the well-known glassy carbon and carbon paste electrodes are too bulky to be applied with the necessity for sterilization and regeneration which oppose the commercialization of such sensors. Therefore, introduction of disposable electrochemical printed sensors with their miniaturized planner structure is welcomed.…”

“…Electroanalytical approaches with the aid of tailor-made sensors have been proven to be an excellent choice for monitoring pharmaceutical compounds in biological and pharmaceutical samples. − In comparison to other techniques, electroanalytical methods showed significant advantages such as good reusability, excellent selectivity, and flexibility. , With their improved performance, electroanalytical approaches can be combined with other spectrometric and chromatographic techniques for monitoring pharmaceutical residues in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Carbonaceous-based electrodes represent a major category of the voltammetric working electrodes. − For biomedical and healthcare monitoring, the well-known glassy carbon and carbon paste electrodes are too bulky to be applied with the necessity for sterilization and regeneration which oppose the commercialization of such sensors. Therefore, introduction of disposable electrochemical printed sensors with their miniaturized planner structure is welcomed.…”

An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Carbon Paper Modified with Graphite Powder for Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow and Tartrazine in Drinks

“…This type of interaction can ensure effective adsorption concentration of azo colorants on a carbon-containing surface, therefore, it was reasonable to use up-to-date carbon materials as modifiers of the CP electrode, such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), carbon black (CB), graphene plates (GR) and graphite powder (GrP). All these carbon materials have a small size, large specific surface area, resistance to destruction, high-temperature resistance and thermal conductivity, low electrical resistance, sufficiently high electrocatalytic activity, and good adsorption properties [52]. More specific characteristics of carbon modifiers are given in Table 1.…”

Electrochemical sensors for the safety and quality control of cosmetics: An overview of achievements and challenges

“…are commonly added as preservatives to a wide range of cosmetics. Michalkiewicz et al [43] reviewed the research achievements on modified carbon materials in the electroanalysis of preservatives most frequently used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical preparations [43].…”