Carbon monoxide blood levels and reported cessation of smoking

Ohlin, Per; Lundh, B.; Westling, H.

doi:10.1007/bf00426827

Cited by 69 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, the current work is somewhat limited as only a single question regarding current smoking behavior was asked. Additional comprehensive questionnaires like the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence [112] or blood sampling of carbon monoxide [113] may help elucidate neurological implications of smoking as a comorbidity in HIV+ individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topographies of Cortical and Subcortical Volume Loss in HIV and Aging in the cART Era

Guha

Brier

Ortega

et al. 2016

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives Studies of HIV-associated brain atrophy often focus on a priori brain regions of interest, which can introduce bias. A data-driven, minimally-biased approach was used to analyze changes in brain volumetrics associated with HIV and their relationship to aging, viral factors, and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), as well as gender and smoking. Design A cross-sectional study of 51 HIV-uninfected (HIV−) and 146 HIV-infected (HIV+) participants. Methods Structural MRI of participants was analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce dimensionality and determine topographies of volumetric changes. Neuropsychological (NP) assessment was examined using global and domain-specific scores. The effects of HIV disease factors (e.g. viral load, CD4, etc.) on brain volumes and NP were investigated using penalized regression (LASSO). Results Two components of interest were visualized using PCA. An aging effect predominated for both components. The first component, a cortically-weighted topography, accounted for a majority of variance across participants (43.5% of variance) and showed independent effects of HIV as well as smoking. A secondary, subcortically-weighted topography (4.6%) showed HIV-status accentuated age-related volume loss. In HIV+ patients, the cortical topography correlated with global NP scores and nadir CD4, while subcortical volume loss was associated with recent viral load. Conclusions Cortical regions showed the most prominent volumetric changes due to aging and HIV. Within HIV+ participants, cortical volumes were associated with immune history while subcortical changes correlated with current immune function. Cognitive function was primarily associated with cortical volume changes. Observed volumetric changes in chronic HIV+ patients may reflect both past infection history and current viral status.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topographies of Cortical and Subcortical Volume Loss in HIV and Aging in the cART Era

Guha

Brier

Ortega

et al. 2016

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…4 Although some non-smokers may have detectable levels of urinary nicotine due to passive smoking,5 the discrepancy has been largely attributed to deception on the part of smokers. [2][3][4] Measurements of expired carbon monoxide, carboxyhaemoglobin, or thiocyanate in the blood, or nicotine in urine or saliva, have been used to validate self reported smoking habits. None of these tests, however, is really satisfactory for routine use by physicians-for example, in antismoking clinics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple, inexpensive urine test of smoking.

Peach¹,

Ellard²,

Jenner³

et al. 1985

Thorax

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Three novel colorimetric methods of detecting urinary nicotine metabolites called the barbituric acid, diethylthiobarbituric acid (DETB), and DETB extraction methods were evaluated for use as a simple, cheap, objective test of smoking. Urine samples were collected from 103 male smokers and 78 male non-smokers working at two London factories. The smokers recorded the number of cigarettes smoked over the previous 36 hours. All three methods correctly classified the smokers. The DETB extraction method had a lower false positive rate (averaging 3% on morning and afternoon urine samples) than either the DETB or the barbituric acid method (12% and 6% respectively) and was the best procedure for classifying subjects as "smokers" or "non-smokers." When a quantitative variant of the barbituric acid method was used there was a significant correlation (r = 0.85, p < 0.001) between the ratios of urinary nicotine metabolites to creatinine and the number of cigarettes smoked. The ratios for smokers of 6-15, 16-25, and 26 or more cigarettes, however, overlapped considerably. The methods can be performed very rapidly and the reagent cost is equivalent to less than lp per test.

show abstract

“…Studies have demonstrated a significantly higher deception rate among people attending a smoking cessation programme and among others advised to quit smoking (Murray, Connett, Lauger & Voelker 1993;Ohlin, Lundh & Westling, 1976;Sillett, Wilson, Malcolm & Ball, 1978). People with a smoking-related disease are under greater pressure to quit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of the prevention and management of pressure sores

Tolmie

Smith

2002

Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many studies rely on self-reported smoking status. We hypothesized that patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), a smoking-related condition, would be more prone to misclassify themselves as ex-smokers, because of pressure to quit. We compared patients admitted with ACS with a general population survey conducted in the same country at a similar time. We determined whether ACS patients who classified themselves as ex-smokers (n5635) were more likely to have cotinine levels suggestive of smoking deception than self-reported ex-smokers in the general population (n5289). On univariate analysis, the percentage of smoking deceivers was similar among ACS patients and the general population (11% vs. 12%, p5.530). Following adjustment for age, sex and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, ACS patients were significantly more likely to misclassify themselves (adjusted OR514.06, 95% CI 2.13-93.01, p5.006). There was an interaction with age whereby the probability of misclassification fell significantly with increasing age in the ACS group (adjusted OR50.95, 95% CI 0.93-0.97, p,.001), but not in the general population. Overall, smoking deception was more common among ACS patients than the general population. Studies comparing patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy individuals risk introducing bias if they rely solely on self-reported smoking status. Biochemical confirmation should be undertaken in such studies.

show abstract

Carbon monoxide blood levels and reported cessation of smoking

Cited by 69 publications

References 5 publications

Topographies of Cortical and Subcortical Volume Loss in HIV and Aging in the cART Era

Topographies of Cortical and Subcortical Volume Loss in HIV and Aging in the cART Era

A simple, inexpensive urine test of smoking.

A study of the prevention and management of pressure sores

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About