Carbon Monoxide Exposure in the Home Environment and the Evaluation of Risks to Health - A UK Perspective

Green, E.; Short, S.; Shuker, L.K.; Harrison, Paul

doi:10.1177/1420326x9900800307

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Carbon monoxide is an endogenous breakdown product of haem, contributing approximately 0.5% of COHb concentration in the blood. In healthy, non-smoking individuals, basal COHb concentrations are typically less than 3% [6]. Toxicokinetic studies suggest that at COHb levels over 4%, each 1% incremental increase is associated with an approximate 1% decrease in oxygen consumption.…”

Section: Symptoms and Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, chronic low level exposure has been associated with symptoms similar to that of influenza or food poisoning, with high level exposure potentially leading to collapse and death [1]. Individual susceptibility to the plethora of health effects associated with CO exposure varies greatly among the population and has been extensively reviewed elsewhere [2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Public Health Impacts of Exposure to Carbon Monoxide From Gas Appliances in UK Homes – Are We Missing Something?

Tam

Bevan

Harrison

et al. 2011

Indoor and Built Environment

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Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless and odourless poisonous gas formed from the incomplete combustion of substances containing carbon. In the United Kingdom, over 22 million homes have mains or liquefied petroleum gas and consequently there is particular concern regarding potential CO poisoning resulting from malfunctioning domestic gas appliances. Although the number of reported cases of CO poisoning in the United Kingdom is relatively small, there is a high probability of misdiagnosis of the condition due to the ambiguous clinical symptoms of CO poisoning; incidence may therefore be much higher than currently reported. This review discusses the current knowledge on human health and toxicological effects following exposure to CO, focusing particularly on the public health impacts associated with gas appliances in UK homes. In determining the possibility of an underlying threat, the biological plausibility of misdiagnosis, in combination with reported cases, is discussed. The implication of misdiagnosis for public health treatment is also briefly summarised.

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Section: Symptoms and Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Impacts of Exposure to Carbon Monoxide From Gas Appliances in UK Homes – Are We Missing Something?

Tam

Bevan

Harrison

et al. 2011

Indoor and Built Environment

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“…On the other hand, the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide in gaseous streams is a reaction of great environmental relevance. Carbon monoxide is one of the main pollutants of indoor and industrial environments because, due to its high affinity for hemoglobin, it is extremely toxic to living beings [9] and, therefore, numerous studies are currently being conducted for their catalytic removal [10]. Moreover, the elimination of this gas in concentrated hydrogen streams (COProx) has Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 165 2 of 16 significance in the field of renewable energy, as it is one of the most accepted alternatives to carry out the final purification of H 2 to be used in fuel cells [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal–Organic Framework-Based Sustainable Nanocatalysts for CO Oxidation

et al. 2020

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The development of new catalytic nanomaterials following sustainability criteria both in their composition and in their synthesis process is a topic of great current interest. The purpose of this work was to investigate the preparation of nanocatalysts derived from the zirconium metal–organic framework UiO-66 obtained under friendly conditions and supporting dispersed species of non-noble transition elements such as Cu, Co, and Fe, incorporated through a simple incipient wetness impregnation technique. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized solids were studied through several characterization techniques and then they were investigated in reactions of relevance for environmental pollution control, such as the oxidation of carbon monoxide in air and in hydrogen-rich streams (COProx). By controlling the atmospheres and pretreatment temperatures, it was possible to obtain active catalysts for the reactions under study, consisting of Cu-based UiO-66-, bimetallic CuCo–UiO-66-, and CuFe–UiO-6-derived materials. These solids represent new alternatives of nanostructured catalysts based on highly dispersed non-noble active metals.

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“…These figures are higher than those of other countries, with the exception of Korea [4][5][6][7][8][9]. The majority of CO poisonings in enclosed areas are caused by boilers that run on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinders and are used to heat water in bathrooms, as well as for general heating and cooking [1,[10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Monoxide Levels in Bathrooms Using Hot Water Boilers

Tekbaş¹,

Vaizoğlu

Evci

et al. 2001

Indoor Built Environ

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The purpose of the present study was to measure carbon monoxide (CO) levels during the operation of hot water boilers that use liquefied petroleum gas or natural gas, which are widely used in Turkey. In addition, it was intended to determine how much owners of these boilers knew about their use and about CO poisoning. CO levels were measured in the bathrooms of homes in a housing area where two deaths due to CO poisoning had occurred on the same day. CO levels were measured in a total of 197 flats from a total of 400 in an area (49%) where there were such boilers and while the boilers were in operation. The bathrooms were of standard dimensions (2.5 × 3 × 3 m). Assessment of CO levels while the boilers were in operation was carried out using a Gastech standard GT-402 portable gas monitor. In 44 (22.4%) of the bathrooms studied, CO levels were above 9 ppm, which is the 8-hour limit according to the NAAQS. CO levels in 2 bathrooms (0.7%) were found to be above 35 ppm, the maximum 1-hour exposure level. CO levels above 50 ppm, ranging from 54 to 300 ppm, were determined in 12 homes (6%). The inhabitants of these homes were informed and the necessary measures were taken to solve the problem. In 8 of these 12 houses, it was determined that chimneys were blocked. We found that CO levels were higher than risk levels for intoxication in 20.0% of the houses. The level of knowledge of the households was poor concerning dangers of CO intoxication. Since it is not uncommon for CO levels in bathrooms where there are boilers to reach dangerous levels it is recommended that their use be discouraged. There should be more widespread use of central water heating systems to remove this serious public health problem.

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Carbon Monoxide Exposure in the Home Environment and the Evaluation of Risks to Health - A UK Perspective

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Public Health Impacts of Exposure to Carbon Monoxide From Gas Appliances in UK Homes – Are We Missing Something?

Public Health Impacts of Exposure to Carbon Monoxide From Gas Appliances in UK Homes – Are We Missing Something?

Metal–Organic Framework-Based Sustainable Nanocatalysts for CO Oxidation

Carbon Monoxide Levels in Bathrooms Using Hot Water Boilers

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