Carbon Monoxide in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso – A Comparison between Urban Background, Roadside and In-traffic Measurements

Lindén, Jenny; Thorsson, Sofia; Eliasson, Ingegärd

doi:10.1007/s11270-007-9538-2

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In Accra (Ghana), Dionisio et al (2010) have measured PM 2.5 up to 200 µg m −3 (based on 1 min averages) in streets polluted by wood stoves, heavy traffic and trash burning. In Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) PM 2.5 observations (based on daily averages) reach 164 µg m −3 (Boman et al, 2009) and CO concentration measured in traffic frequently exceed all World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines (Lindén et al, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Interactions of atmospheric gases and aerosols with the monsoon dynamics over the Sudano-Guinean region during AMMA

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Carbon monoxide, CO, and fine atmospheric particulate matter, PM 2.5 , are analyzed over the Guinean Gulf coastal region using the WRF-CHIMERE modeling system and observations during the beginning of the monsoon 2006 (from May to July), corresponding to the Africa Multidisciplinary Monsoon Analysis (AMMA) campaign period.Along the Guinean Gulf coast, the contribution of longrange pollution transport to CO or PM 2.5 concentrations is important. The contribution of desert dust PM 2.5 concentration decreases from ∼ 38 % in May to ∼ 5 % in July. The contribution of biomass burning PM 2.5 concentration from Central Africa increases from ∼ 10 % in May to ∼ 52 % in July. The anthropogenic contribution is ∼ 30 % for CO and ∼ 10 % for PM 2.5 during the whole period.

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confidence: 99%

Interactions of atmospheric gases and aerosols with the monsoon dynamics over the Sudano-Guinean region during AMMA

et al. 2018

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“…In the region of interest, West Africa, Nigeria is the country which contributes the most to anthropogenic emissions according to emission inventories. Anthropogenic release of trace gases has a strong local effect in highly populated cities (e.g., Lagos in Nigeria, Cotonou in Benin, Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso) where urban pollution severely affects population health (Baumbach et al, 1995;Fanou et al, 2006;Linden et al, 2008). Using a global climate model Aghedo et al (2007) found an increase of surface ozone of about 2-7 ppbv in West Africa due to anthropogenic emissions during boreal summer with a maximum effect located in Nigeria.…”

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Factors controlling the distribution of ozone in the West African lower troposphere during the AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis) wet season campaign

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Ozone and its precursors were measured on board the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe 146 Atmospheric Research Aircraft during the monsoon season 2006 as part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) campaign. One of the main features observed in the west African boundary layer is the increase of the ozone mixing ratios from 25 ppbv over the forested area (south of 12 • N) up to 40 ppbv over the Sahelian area. We employ a two-dimensional (latitudinal versus vertical) meteorological model coupled with an O 3 -NO x -VOC chemistry scheme to simulate the distribution of trace gases over West Africa during the monsoon season and to analyse the processes involved in the establishment of such a gradient. Including an additional source of NO over the Sahelian region to account for NO emitted by soils we simulate a mean NO x concentration of 0.7 ppbv at 16 • N versus 0.3 ppbv over the vegetated region further south in reasonable agreement with the observations. As a consequence, ozone is photochemically produced with a rate of 0.25 ppbv h −1 over the vegetated region whilst it reaches up to 0.75 ppbv h −1 at 16 • N. We find that the modelled gradient is due to a combination of enhanced deposition to vegetation, which decreasesCorrespondence to: M. Saunois (marielle.saunois@aero.obs-mip.fr) the ozone levels by up to 11 pbbv, and the aforementioned enhanced photochemical production north of 12 • N. The peroxy radicals required for this enhanced production in the north come from the oxidation of background CO and CH 4 as well as from VOCs. Sensitivity studies reveal that both the background CH 4 and partially oxidised VOCs, produced from the oxidation of isoprene emitted from the vegetation in the south, contribute around 5-6 ppbv to the ozone gradient. These results suggest that the northward transport of trace gases by the monsoon flux, especially during nighttime, can have a significant, though secondary, role in determining the ozone gradient in the boundary layer. Convection, anthropogenic emissions and NO produced from lightning do not contribute to the establishment of the discussed ozone gradient.

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“…The Master Mechanism zero-dimensional model (Madronich and Calvert, 1990) has been used to investigate the photochemical production of ozone in the region, one, two or three days before 20 December 2005. The Master Mechanism model consists of a detailed gas phase photochemistry, with nearly 5000 reactions between nearly 2000 species.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Few studies were dedicated to this issue in Sub-Saharan cities. For example, Baumbach et al (1995); Fanou et al (2006); Linden et al (2008) show exposure situations that exceed World Heath Organization (WHO) standards in Lagos (Nigeria), Cotonou (Benin) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), respectively. More recently, the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program aimed at documenting the chemical composition of the West African atmosphere and its variations linked to dynamics and climate.…”

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confidence: 99%

What caused extreme ozone concentrations over Cotonou in December 2005?

et al. 2010

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Abstract. This paper reports the first record of extreme ozone measurements in Africa. As part of the AMMA program, the ozone vertical profile recorded on 20 December over Cotonou presents exceptionally high ozone concentrations with up to 295 ppb at 1 km altitude. Retroplumes from the Flexpart model show that the air masses sampled at 1 km over Cotonou on this day came from the burning area situated north-east of Cotonou and passed over Lagos, Nigeria, which is highly impacted by urban pollution. We used the Master Mechanism box model to simulate the chemical composition of the plume during its transit.We find that neither the biomass burning emissions of ozone precursors nor additional urban emissions from Lagos are high enough to simulate more than 120-150 ppb of ozone. The only way to reach almost 300 ppb of ozone within a few hours is to feed the air mass with large amounts of reactive VOCs as those recorded in the vicinity of petrochemical area. Sensitivity tests show that 250-600 ppb of VOCs combined with 35-80 ppb of NO x allow the ozone concentrations to be higher than 250 ppb. Nigeria is the first African country with gas extraction and petrochemical industries, and petrochemical explosions frequently happen in the vicinity of Lagos. The hypothesis of a petrochemical explosion in this area is the most likely scenario which could explain the 295 ppb ozone maximum measured over Cotonou, downwind of Lagos.

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Carbon Monoxide in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso – A Comparison between Urban Background, Roadside and In-traffic Measurements

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

Interactions of atmospheric gases and aerosols with the monsoon dynamics over the Sudano-Guinean region during AMMA

Interactions of atmospheric gases and aerosols with the monsoon dynamics over the Sudano-Guinean region during AMMA

Factors controlling the distribution of ozone in the West African lower troposphere during the AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis) wet season campaign

What caused extreme ozone concentrations over Cotonou in December 2005?

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