Carbon monoxide release from ultrasound‐sensitive microbubbles improves endothelial cell growth

Abstract

Carbon monoxide is a gasotransmitter that may be beneficial for vascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies because it can promote endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and migration by binding to heme‐containing compounds within cells. For example, CO may be beneficial for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia because many patients' disrupted blood–brain barriers do not heal naturally. However, control of the CO dose is critical, and new controlled delivery methods need to be developed. This study developed ultrasound‐sensitive microbubbles with a carefully controlled precipitation technique, loaded them with CO, and assessed their ability to promote EC proliferation and function. Microbubbles fabricated with perfluoropentane exhibited good stability at room temperature, but they could still be ruptured and release CO in culture with application of ultrasound. Microbubbles synthesized from the higher boiling point compound, perfluorohexane, were too stable at physiological temperature. The lower‐boiling point perfluoropentane microbubbles had good biocompatibility and appeared to improve VE‐cadherin expression when CO was loaded in the bubbles. Finally, tissue phantoms were used to show that an imaging ultrasound probe can efficiently rupture the microbubbles and that the CO‐loaded microbubbles can improve EC spreading and proliferation compared to control conditions without microbubbles as well as microbubbles without application of ultrasound. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential for use of these ultrasound‐sensitive microbubbles for improving blood vessel endothelialization.