Carbon Nanomaterials: Revolutionary Catalysts for the Development of Vaccines with Virus-like Particles

Abstract

Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are powerful immunostimulants that efficiently trigger robust B-cell and T-cell responses, specifically enhancing the activity of dendritic cells. The integration of nanoparticles, particularly carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs), with these VLPs, has opened new horizons in creating targeted, durable, and potent immune responses. This innovative approach may be pivotal in formulating therapeutic vaccines against notoriously challenging pathogens, including HIV. Functionalized CBNs have shown the potential to amplify cellular uptake, fostering a highly specific immune activation. The employment of VLP vaccines in conjunction with CBNs has sparked intensive research efforts, with a major focus on nanostructure functionalization for augmenting immune response specificity and strength. In this meta-review, we synthesize, critique, and discuss the current landscape of VLP-based vaccines and CBNs as a dynamic vaccine platform. The goal is to strategize the prevention and treatment of various viral infections, with a special focus on coronaviruses and HIV, paving the way for next-generation antiviral therapeutics.